Generalized criteria of symmetry breaking. A strategy for quantum time crystals

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to propose a criterion of spontaneous symmetry breaking that makes reference to the properties of pure phases defined by a translationally invariant state. By avoiding any reference to the ground state, at the basis of the standard approach, this criterion applies to a wider class of models. An interesting application is the breaking of time translations. Indeed, we discuss explicit theoretical models which exhibit the prototypical features of quantum time crystals, without the need of a time-dependent Hamiltonian.

20 pages, published in Annals of Physics