Modeling the Protoplanetary Disks of Two Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus Molecular Cloud

Abstract

Measuring the properties of protoplanetary disks around brown dwarfs is central to understanding the formation of brown dwarfs and their planetary companions. We present modeling of CFHT Tau 4 and 2M0444, two brown dwarfs with protoplanetary disks in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. By combining modeling of the spectral energy distributions and ALMA images, we obtain disk radii and masses for these objects; these parameters can be used to constrain brown dwarf formation and planet formation, respectively. We find that the disk around CFHT Tau 4 has a mass of 0.42 M${}_{Jup}$ and a radius of 80 au; we find 2M0444's disk to have a mass of 2.05 M${}_{Jup}$ and a radius of 100 au. These radii are more consistent with those predicted by theoretical simulations of brown dwarf formation via undisturbed condensation from a mass reservoir than those predicted by ejection from the formation region. Furthermore, the disk mass of 2M0444 suggests that planet formation may be possible in this disk, although the disk of 2M0444 is likely not massive enough to form planets. The disk properties measured here provide constraints to theoretical models of brown dwarf formation and the formation of their planetary companions.

16 pages, 6 figures. Accepted to ApJ on May 10, 2019

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• The Perkins INfrared Exosatellite Survey (PINES) I. Survey Overview, Reduction Pipeline, and Early Results