Optimising Graphene Visibility in van der Waals Heterostructures

Abstract

Graphene constitutes one of the key elements in many functional van der Waals heterostructures. However, it has negligible optical visibility due to its monolayer nature. Here we study the visibility of graphene in various van der Waals heterostructures and include the effects of the source spectrum, oblique incidence and the spectral sensitivity of the detector to obtain a realistic model. A visibility experiment is performed at different wavelengths, resulting in a very good agreement with our calculations. This allows us to reliably predict the conditions for better visibility of graphene in van der Waals heterostructures. The framework and the codes provided in this work can be extended to study the visibility of any 2D material within an arbitrary van der Waals heterostructure.

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• A primer on twistronics: A massless Dirac fermion's journey to moiré patterns and flat bands in twisted bilayer graphene
• Optical microscope based universal parameter for identifying layer number in two-dimensional materials