Chiral imbalanced hot and dense quark matter: NJL analysis at the physical point and comparison with lattice QCD

Abstract

Hot and dense quark matter with isospin and chiral imbalances is investigated in the framework of the (3+1)-dimensional Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model (NJL) in the large-$N_c$ limit ($N_c$ is the number of quark colors). Its phase structure is considered in terms of baryon -- ${\mu }_B$, isospin -- ${\mu }_I$ and chiral isospin -- ${\mu }_{I5}$ chemical potentials. It is shown in the paper that (i) in the chiral limit there is a duality between chiral symmetry breaking (CSB) and charged pion condensation (PC) phenomena. (ii) At the physical point, i.e. at nonzero bare quark mass $m_0$, and temperature this duality relation is only approximate, although rather accurate. (iii) We have shown that the chiral isospin chemical potential ${\mu }_{I5}$ in dense quark matter generates charged pion condensation both at zero and nonzero $m_0$, and at ${\mu }_{I5}\ne 0$ this phase might be observed up to temperatures as high as 100 MeV. (iv) Pseudo-critical temperature of the chiral crossover transition rises in the NJL model with increasing ${\mu }_{I5}$. (v) It has been found an agreement between particular sections of the phase diagram in the framework of NJL model and corresponding ones in lattice QCD simulations. Two different plots from different lattice simulations that are completely independent and are not connected at the first sight are in reality dual to each other, it means that lattice QCD simulations support the hypothesis that in real quark matter there exists the (approximate) duality between CSB and charged PC. Moreover, we can reverse the logic and we can predict the increase of pseudo-critical temperature with chiral chemical potential, the much debated effect recently, just by the duality notion, hence bolster confidence in this result (lattice QCD showed this feature for unphysically large pion mass) and put it on the considerably more solid ground.

19 pages, 9 figures, figures corrected, references added, discussions added, accepted for publication in EPJ C

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• Competition and duality correspondence between inhomogeneous fermion-antifermion and fermion-fermion condensations in the NJL${}_2$ model
• Affinity of NJL${}_2$ and NJL${}_4$ model results on duality and pion condensation in chiral asymmetric dense quark matter

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• The dual properties of chiral and isospin asymmetric dense quark matter formed of two-color quarks
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• Charged pion condensation in dense quark matter: Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model study
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• Describing the speed of sound peak of isospin-asymmetric cold strongly interacting matter using effective models
• The phase structure of two color QCD and charged pion condensation phenomenon
• Chiral and deconfinement thermal transitions at finite quark spin polarization in lattice QCD simulations
• Speed of sound peak in isospin QCD: a natural prediction of the Medium Separation Scheme