Second-harmonic current-phase relation in Josephson junctions with ferromagnetic barriers

Abstract

We report the observation of a current-phase relation dominated by the second Josephson harmonic in superconductor-ferromagnet-superconductor junctions. The exotic current-phase relation is realized in the vicinity of a temperature-controlled 0-to-$\pi$ junction transition, at which the first Josephson harmonic vanishes. Direct current-phase relation measurements, as well as Josephson interferometry, non-vanishing supercurrent and half-integer Shapiro steps at the 0-$\pi$ transition self-consistently point to an intrinsic second harmonic term, making it possible to rule out common alternative origins of half-periodic behavior. While surprising for diffusive multimode junctions, the large second harmonic is in agreement with theory predictions for thin ferromagnetic interlayers.

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• Half-integer Shapiro steps in highly transmissive InSb nanoflag Josephson junctions
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• Evidence of $\varphi$0-Josephson junction from skewed diffraction patterns in Sn-InSb nanowires
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• Interference phenomena in Josephson junctions with ferromagnetic bilayers: Spin-triplet correlations and resonances
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• Josephson coupling in high-T${}_c$ superconducting junctions using ultra-thin BaTiO${}_3$ barriers
• Gate- and flux-tunable sin(2$\phi$) Josephson element with proximitized Ge-based junctions