Hyperons: the strange ingredients of the nuclear equation of state

Abstract

In this article we will review the role and properties of hyperons in finite and infinite nuclear systems. In particular, we will revise different production mechanisms of hypernuclei, as well as several aspects of hypernuclear $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy, and the weak decay modes of hypernuclei. Then we will discuss the construction of hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interactions on the basis of the meson-exchange and chiral effective field theories. Recent developments based on the so-called V${}_{lowk}$ approach and lattice QCD will also be adressed. Finally, we will go over some of the effects of hyperons on the properties of neutron and proto-neutron stars with an emphasis on the so-called "hyperon puzzle", {\it i.e.,} the problem of the strong softening of the equation of state, and the consequent reduction of the maximum mass, induced by the presence of hyperons, a problem which has become more intringuing and difficult to solve due the recent measurements of $\sim 2M_{\odot }$ millisecond pulsars. We will discuss some of the solutions proposed to tackle this problem. We will also re-examine the role of hyperons on the cooling properties of newly born neutron stars and on the development of the so-called r-mode instability.

Invited review article to be published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 43 pages, 10 figures

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• PANDA Phase One
• Hyperon-nuclear interactions from SU(3) chiral effective field theory
• Status and perspectives of Continuous Gravitational Wave searches
• Strangeness-changing Rates and Hyperonic Bulk Viscosity in Neutron Star Mergers
• Low-energy Scattering and Effective Interactions of Two Baryons at $m_{\pi }\sim 450$ MeV from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics
• Neutron star matter with strange interactions in a relativistic quark model
• Translating neutron star observations to nuclear symmetry energy via artificial neural networks
• Formulating bulk viscosity for neutron star simulations
• Heavy Magnetic Neutron Stars
• nEoS: Neutron Star Equation of State from hadron physics alone
• First study of reaction ${\Xi }^{0}n\to {\Xi }^{-}p$ using ${\Xi }^0$-nucleus scattering at an electron-positron collider
• Similarity renormalization group evolution of hypernuclear Hamiltonians
• A cornucopia of antineutrons and hyperons from super J/psi factory for next-generation nuclear and particle physics high-precision experiments
• g-mode Oscillations in Neutron Stars with Hyperons
• Repulsive properties of hadrons in lattice QCD data and neutron stars
• Central Speed of Sound, Trace Anomaly and Observables of Neutron Stars from Perturbative Analyses of Scaled TOV Equations
• Core States of Neutron Stars from Anatomizing their Scaled Structure Equations
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• Prospects to study hyperon-nucleon interactions at BESIII
• Neutron star matter equation of state including $d^{\ast }$-hexaquark degrees of freedom
• First measurement of $\Lambda N$ inelastic scattering with $\Lambda$ from $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to J/\psi \to \Lambda \bar{\Lambda }$
• Strong Gravity Extruding Peaks in Speed of Sound Profiles of Massive Neutron Stars
• Bayesian Quantification of Observability and Equation of State of Twin Stars
• Unraveling Trace Anomaly of Supradense Matter via Neutron Star Compactness Scaling
• Transport coefficients of hyperonic neutron star cores
• Elliptic flow splitting between protons and antiprotons from hadronic potentials
• Precise measurement of the branching fractions of $J/\psi \to \bar{\Lambda }{\pi }^{+}{\Sigma }^{-}+c.c.$ and $J/\psi \to \bar{\Lambda }{\pi }^{-}{\Sigma }^{+}+c.c.$
• ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^3\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}^3\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ production and characterization in Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=200$GeV
• New Insights into Supradense Matter from Dissecting Scaled Stellar Structure Equations
• Nuclear matter calculations with the phenomenological three-nucleon interaction
• Hyperons in Neutron Stars across the observed mass range: Insights from realistic $\Lambda$-N and $\Lambda$-$\Lambda$ interactions within a Microscopic Framework
• First measurement of ${\Sigma }^{+}n\to \Lambda p$ and ${\Sigma }^{+}n\to {\Sigma }^{0}p$ cross sections via ${\Sigma }^{+}$-nucleus scattering at an electron-positron collider
• Is The Trace Anomaly at its Minimum Value at Neutron Star Centers?
• Probing $\Lambda$ potential at high and low densities via \(^3_Λ\)H production in C+C reactions
• Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State