A classification of 3+1D bosonic topological orders (II): the case when some point-like excitations are fermions

Abstract

In this paper, we classify EF topological orders for 3+1D bosonic systems where some emergent pointlike excitations are fermions. (1) We argue that all 3+1D bosonic topological orders have gappable boundary. (2) All the pointlike excitations in EF topological orders are described by the representations of $G_f=Z_2^f{⋋}_{e_2}{G}_b$ -- a $Z_2^f$ central extension of a finite group $G_b$ characterized by $e_2\in H^2(G_b,Z_2)$. (3) We find that the EF topological orders are classified by 2+1D anomalous topological orders ${\mathcal{A}}_b^3$ on their unique canonical boundary. Here ${\mathcal{A}}_b^3$ is a unitary fusion 2-category with simple objects labeled by ${\hat{G}}_b=Z_2^m⋋G_b$. ${\mathcal{A}}_b^3$ also has one invertible fermionic 1-morphism for each object as well as quantum-dimension-$\sqrt{2}$ 1-morphisms that connect two objects $g$ and $gm$, where $g\in {\hat{G}}_b$ and $m$ is the generator of $Z_2^m$. (4) When ${\hat{G}}_b$ is the trivial $Z_2^m$ extension, the EF topological orders are called EF1 topological orders, which is classified by simple data $(G_b,e_2,n_3,{\nu }_4)$. (5) When ${\hat{G}}_b$ is a non-trivial $Z_2^m$ extension, the EF topological orders are called EF2 topological orders, where some intersections of three stringlike excitations must carry Majorana zero modes. (6) Every EF2 topological order with $G_f=Z_2^f⋋G_b$ can be associated with a EF1 topological order with $G_f=Z_2^f⋋{\hat{G}}_b$. (7) We find that all EF topological orders correspond to gauged 3+1D fermionic symmetry protected topological (SPT) orders with a finite unitary symmetry group. (8) We further propose that the general classification of 3+1D topological orders with finite unitary symmetries for bosonic and fermionic systems can be obtained by gauging or partially gauging the finite symmetry group of 3+1D SPT phases of bosonic and fermionic systems.

28 pages, 19 figures; Sequel to arXiv:1704.04221

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