Tunneling Topological Vacua via Extended Operators: (Spin-)TQFT Spectra and Boundary Deconfinement in Various Dimensions

Abstract

Distinct quantum vacua of topologically ordered states can be tunneled into each other via extended operators. The possible applications include condensed matter and quantum cosmology. We present a straightforward approach to calculate the partition function on various manifolds and ground state degeneracy (GSD), mainly based on continuum/cochain Topological Quantum Field Theories (TQFT), in any dimension. This information can be related to the counting of extended operators of bosonic/fermionic TQFT. On the lattice scale, anyonic particles/strings live at the ends of line/surface operators. Certain systems in different dimensions are related to each other through dimensional reduction schemes, analogous to (de)categorification. Examples include spin TQFTs derived from gauging the interacting fermionic symmetry protected topological states (with fermion parity ${\mathbb{Z}}_2^f$) of symmetry group ${\mathbb{Z}}_4\times {\mathbb{Z}}_2$ and $({\mathbb{Z}}_4{)}^2$ in 3+1D, also ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ and $({\mathbb{Z}}_2{)}^2$ in 2+1D. Gauging the last three cases begets non-Abelian spin TQFT/topological order. We consider situations where a TQFT lives on (1) a closed spacetime or (2) a spacetime with boundary, such that the bulk and boundary are fully-gapped and short or long-range entangled (SRE/LRE). Anyonic excitations can be deconfined on the boundary. We introduce new exotic topological interfaces on which neither particle nor string excitations alone condensed, but only fuzzy-composite objects of extended operators can end (e.g. a string-like composite object formed by a set of particles can end on a special 2+1D boundary of 3+1D bulk). We explore the relations between group extension constructions and partially breaking constructions (e.g. 0-form/higher-form/composite breaking) of topological boundaries, after gauging. We comment on the implications of entanglement entropy for some of such LRE systems.

59 pages, 8 figures, 7 tables. v3: Elaborate spin TQFTs and fermionic topological orders (3+1D/2+1D) derived from Cobordism classifications of fermionic SPTs. More clarifications/Refs added. PTEP version

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