SN 2016X: A Type II-P Supernova with A Signature of Shock Breakout from Explosion of A Massive Red Supergiant

Abstract

We present extensive ultraviolet (UV) and optical photometry, as well as dense optical spectroscopy for type II Plateau (IIP) supernova SN 2016X that exploded in the nearby ($\sim$ 15 Mpc) spiral galaxy UGC 08041. The observations span the period from 2 to 180 days after the explosion; in particular, the Swift UV data probably captured the signature of shock breakout associated with the explosion of SN 2016X. It shows very strong UV emission during the first week after explosion, with contribution of $\sim$ 20 -- 30% to the bolometric luminosity (versus $\lesssim$ 15% for normal SNe IIP). Moreover, we found that this supernova has an unusually long rise time of about 12.6 $\pm$ 0.5 days in the $R$ band (versus $\sim$ 7.0 days for typical SNe IIP). The optical light curves and spectral evolution are quite similar to the fast-declining type IIP object SN 2013ej, except that SN 2016X has a relatively brighter tail. Based on the evolution of photospheric temperature as inferred from the $Swift$ data in the early phase, we derive that the progenitor of SN 2016X has a radius of about 930 $\pm$ 70 R${}_{\odot }$. This large-size star is expected to be a red supergiant star with an initial mass of $\gtrsim$ 19 -- 20 M${}_{\odot }$ based on the mass $--$ radius relation of the Galactic red supergiants, and it represents one of the most largest and massive progenitors found for SNe IIP.

18 pages, 12 figures, MNRAS accepted

References in corpus (23)

• Observational constraints on the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae : the case for missing high mass stars
• Characterizing the V-band light-curves of hydrogen-rich type II supernovae
• SN 2005cs in M51 II. Complete Evolution in the Optical and the Near-Infrared
• SOUSA: the Swift Optical/Ultraviolet Supernova Archive
• The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity
• Towards Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: a Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1
• Optical and Near-Infrared Observations of the Highly Reddened, Rapidly Expanding Type Ia Supernova 2006X in M100
• Photometric and spectroscopic evolution of the type IIP supernova SN 2004et
• The Standardized Candle Method for Type II Plateau Supernovae
• A Sample of Type II-L Supernovae
• From Spitzer Galaxy Photometry to Tully-Fisher Distances
• Supernova Shock Breakout from a Red Supergiant
• Setting UBVRI Photometric Zero-Points Using Sloan Digital Sky Survey ugriz Magnitudes
• Probing Shock Breakout with Serendipitous GALEX Detections of Two SNLS Type II-P Supernovae
• Supernova 2013by: A Type IIL Supernova with a IIP-like light curve drop
• The Type IIP Supernova 2012aw in M95: hydrodynamical modelling of the photospheric phase from accurate spectrophotometric monitoring
• SN 2013ab : A normal type IIP supernova in NGC 5669
• SN 2012ec: mass of the progenitor from PESSTO follow-up of the photospheric phase
• Radiation-hydrodynamical modelling of underluminous type II plateau Supernovae
• A study of the low-luminosity Type II-Plateau supernova 2008bk
• Interpreting Flux from Broadband Photometry
• Asymmetry of ${}^{56}$Ni ejecta and polarization in type IIP supernova 2004dj
• Optical and Ultraviolet Observations of the Very Young Type IIP SN 2014cx in NGC 337

Cited by in corpus (13)

• The Type II-P Supernova 2017eaw: from explosion to the nebular phase
• The Type II-Plateau Supernova 2017eaw in NGC 6946 and Its Red Supergiant Progenitor
• Probing the Final-stage Progenitor Evolution for Type IIP Supernova 2017eaw in NGC 6946
• SN 2020jfo: A short plateau Type II supernova from a low mass progenitor
• The Iron Yield of Normal Type II Supernovae
• Type II-P Supernova Progenitor Star Initial Masses and SN 2020jfo: Direct Detection, Light Curve Properties, Nebular Spectroscopy, and Local Environment
• SN 2018gj: A Short-plateau Type II Supernova with Persistent Blue-shifted H-alpha Emission
• Resolving the puzzle of type IIP SN 2016X
• SN 2017czd: A Rapidly Evolving Supernova from a Weak Explosion of a Type IIb Supernova Progenitor
• Type IIP supernova SN 2016X in radio frequencies
• Building spectral templates and reconstructing parameters for core collapse supernovae with CASTOR
• Between Plateaus and Slopes: A Data-Driven Exploration of Spectral Diversity Across Type IIP/L Supernovae
• First systematic high-precision survey of bright supernovae I. Methodology for identifying early bumps