Nonlinear optical responses of crystalline systems: Results from a velocity gauge analysis

Abstract

In this work, the difficulties inherent to perturbative calculations in the velocity gauge are addressed. In particular, it is shown how calculations of nonlinear optical responses in the independent particle approximation can be done to any order and for any finite band model. The procedure and advantages of the velocity gauge in such calculations are described. The addition of a phenomenological relaxation parameter is also discussed. As an illustration, the nonlinear optical response of monolayer graphene is numerically calculated using the velocity gauge.

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• The electronic properties of graphene
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• Gauge covariances and nonlinear optical responses
• Linear and nonlinear optical response of crystals using length and velocity gauges: Effect of basis truncation
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