Estimating the dust production rate of carbon stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Abstract

We employ newly computed grids of spectra reprocessed by dust for estimating the total dust production rate (DPR) of carbon stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). For the first time, the grids of spectra are computed as a function of the main stellar parameters, i.e. mass-loss rate, luminosity, effective temperature, current stellar mass and element abundances at the photosphere, following a consistent, physically grounded scheme of dust growth coupled with stationary wind outflow. The model accounts for the dust growth of various dust species formed in the circumstellar envelopes of carbon stars, such as carbon dust, silicon carbide and metallic iron. In particular, we employ some selected combinations of optical constants and grain sizes for carbon dust which have been shown to reproduce simultaneously the most relevant color-color diagrams in the SMC. By employing our grids of models, we fit the spectral energy distributions of $\approx$3100 carbon stars in the SMC, consistently deriving some important dust and stellar properties, i.e. luminosities, mass-loss rates, gas-to-dust ratios, expansion velocities and dust chemistry. We discuss these properties and we compare some of them with observations in the Galaxy and LMC. We compute the DPR of carbon stars in the SMC, finding that the estimates provided by our method can be significantly different, between a factor $\approx 2-5$, than the ones available in the literature. Our grids of models, including the spectra and other relevant dust and stellar quantities, are publicly available at http://starkey.astro.unipd.it/web/guest/dustymodels

arXiv comment24 pages, 22 figures, accepted

References in corpus (46)

• Evolution of asymptotic giant branch stars II. Optical to far-infrared isochrones with improved TP-AGB models
• A new generation of PARSEC-COLIBRI stellar isochrones including the TP-AGB phase
• Self-similarity and scaling behavior of IR emission from radiatively heated dust: I. Theory
• The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Small Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map
• The Anglo-Australian Observatory's 2dF Facility
• Evolution of Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars I. The COLIBRI Code
• The global gas and dust budget of the Large Magellanic Cloud: AGB stars and supernovae, and the impact on the ISM evolution
• Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the Tidally-Stripped, Low Metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud (SAGE-SMC). I. Overview
• The Spitzer Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: S3MC Imaging and Photometry in the Mid- and Far-Infrared Wavebands
• Models of circumstellar molecular radio line emission: Mass loss rates for a sample of bright carbon stars
• Spitzer SAGE survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud II: Evolved Stars and Infrared Color Magnitude Diagrams
• Luminosities and mass-loss rates of SMC and LMC AGB stars and Red Supergiants
• The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity
• Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the Tidally-Stripped, Low Metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud (SAGE-SMC) II. Cool Evolved Stars
• The Dust Budget of the SMC: Are AGB Stars the Primary Dust Source at Low Metallicity?
• Evolution of Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars II. Dust production at varying metallicity
• The mid- and far-infrared colours of AGB and post-AGB stars
• AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds. II. The rate of star formation across the LMC
• The Mass-Loss Return From Evolved Stars to The Large Magellanic Cloud VI: Luminosities and Mass-Loss Rates on Population Scales
• Clustering of Local Group distances: publication bias or correlated measurements? III. The Small Magellanic Cloud
• Dusty winds: I. Self-similar solutions
• Dust formation around AGB and SAGB stars: a trend with metallicity?
• Molecules and dust production in the Magellanic Clouds
• Dust from AGBs: relevant factors and modelling uncertainties
• Dust driven mass loss from carbon stars as a function of stellar parameters - I. A grid of Solar-metallicity wind models
• New observations and models of circumstellar CO line emission of AGB stars in the Herschel SUCCESS programme
• The mass-loss return from evolved stars to the Large Magellanic Cloud V. The GRAMS carbon-star model grid
• Synthetic photometry for M and K giants and stellar evolution: hydrostatic dust-free model atmospheres and chemical abundances
• The evolved-star dust budget of the Small Magellanic Cloud: the critical role of a few key players
• Synthetic photometry for carbon-rich giants. IV. An extensive grid of dynamic atmosphere and wind models
• AGB stars in the LMC: evolution of dust in circumstellar envelopes
• Three-micron spectra of AGB stars and supergiants in nearby galaxies
• Evolution of Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars III. Dust production at supersolar metallicities
• Spitzer Infrared Spectrographic point source classification in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The global gas and dust budget of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• AGB stars in the SMC: evolution and dust properties based on Spitzer observations
• The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type-Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB
• Is there a metallicity ceiling to form carbon stars? - A novel technique reveals a scarcity of C stars in the inner M31 disk
• Constraining dust properties in Circumstellar Envelopes of C-stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: optical constants and grain size of Carbon dust
• The VMC survey III. Mass-loss rates and luminosities of LMC AGB stars
• The first 8-13 micron spectra of globular cluster red giants: circumstellar silicate dust grains in 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• Identification of a Class of Low-Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars Struggling to Become Carbon Stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• On the nature of the most obscured C-rich AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• The ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in AGB stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• AKARI Near- to Mid-Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopic Observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Bright Point Source List
• Connecting the evolution of thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch stars to the chemistry in their circumstellar envelopes -- I. The case of hydrogen cyanide

Cited by in corpus (27)

• Constraining the thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase with resolved stellar populations in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Constraining the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase with resolved stellar populations in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• NuGrid stellar data set - III. Updated low-mass AGB models and s-process nucleosynthesis with metallicities Z=0.01, Z=0.02 and Z=0.03
• Constraining dust properties in Circumstellar Envelopes of C-stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: optical constants and grain size of Carbon dust
• The mass-loss, expansion velocities and dust production rates of carbon stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Carbon star wind models at solar and sub-solar metallicities: a comparative study. I. Mass loss and the properties of dust-driven winds
• Evolved stars in the Local Group galaxies - II. AGB, RSG stars and dust production in IC10
• AGB dust and gas ejecta in extremely metal-poor environments
• Understanding the evolution and dust formation of carbon stars in the LMC with a look at the JWST
• A Fresh Look at AGB stars in Galactic Open Clusters with Gaia: Impact on Stellar Models and the Initial-Final Mass Relation
• Evolved stars in the Local Group galaxies - III. AGB and RSG stars in Sextans A
• New Post-AGB star models as tools to understand AGB evolution and nucleosynthesis
• Evolution of the grain size distribution in galactic discs
• The VMC Survey -- XXXVII. Pulsation periods of dust enshrouded AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Three-component modelling of C-rich AGB star winds V. Effects of frequency-dependent radiative transfer including drift
• Carbon stars with increased oxygen and nitrogen abundances: hydrostatic dust-free model atmospheres
• Optical properties of amorphous carbon dust around C-stars: new constraints from 2MASS and Gaia observations
• Chemical modelling of dust-gas chemistry within AGB outflows III. Photoprocessing of the ice and return to the ISM
• The intense production of silicates during the final AGB phases of intermediate mass stars
• Chemical modelling of dust-gas chemistry within AGB outflows -- II. Effect of the dust-grain size distribution
• A Census of Thermally-Pulsing AGB stars in the Andromeda Galaxy and a First Estimate of their Contribution to the Global Dust Budget
• Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars in the Nearby Dwarf Galaxy Leo P
• Synthetic photometry for carbon-rich giants. V. Effects of grain-size-dependent dust opacities
• Extended view on the dust shells around two carbon stars
• A homogeneous view of asymptotic giant branch carbon stars as seen by Gaia
• Dust Production around Carbon-Rich Stars: The Role of Metallicity
• Gas and dust from extremely metal-poor AGB stars