Experimental preparation and verification of quantum money

Abstract

A quantum money scheme enables a trusted bank to provide untrusted users with verifiable quantum banknotes that cannot be forged. In this work, we report an experimental demonstration of the preparation and verification of unforgeable quantum banknotes. We employ a security analysis that takes experimental imperfections fully into account. We measure a total of $3.6\times 10^6$ states in one verification round, limiting the forging probability to $10^{-7}$ based on the security analysis. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of preparing and verifying quantum banknotes using currently available experimental techniques.

12 pages, 4 figures

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• Demonstration of quantum-digital payments
• Semi-device-independent quantum money with coherent states
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• Quantum cryptography beyond key distribution: theory and experiment
• Probabilistic one-time programs using quantum entanglement
• Practically feasible robust quantum money with classical verification
• Energy efficient mining on a quantum-enabled blockchain using light
• Robust excitation of C-band quantum dots for quantum communication
• Practical quantum tokens without quantum memories and experimental tests
• Optimal quantum-programmable projective measurements with coherent states
• Characterization of Gram matrices of multimode coherent states
• Information-theoretically secure quantum timestamping with one-time universal hashing