Unforgeable Noise-Tolerant Quantum Tokens

Abstract

The realization of devices which harness the laws of quantum mechanics represents an exciting challenge at the interface of modern technology and fundamental science. An exemplary paragon of the power of such quantum primitives is the concept of "quantum money". A dishonest holder of a quantum bank-note will invariably fail in any forging attempts; indeed, under assumptions of ideal measurements and decoherence-free memories such security is guaranteed by the no-cloning theorem. In any practical situation, however, noise, decoherence and operational imperfections abound. Thus, the development of secure "quantum money"-type primitives capable of tolerating realistic infidelities is of both practical and fundamental importance. Here, we propose a novel class of such protocols and demonstrate their tolerance to noise; moreover, we prove their rigorous security by determining tight fidelity thresholds. Our proposed protocols require only the ability to prepare, store and measure single qubit quantum memories, making their experimental realization accessible with current technologies.

18 pages, 5 figures

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• Solid state quantum memory using the 31P nuclear spin
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• Quantum Copy-Protection and Quantum Money
• Quantum State Tomography with Joint SIC POMs and Product SIC POMs

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• Privacy Amplification in the Isolated Qubits Model
• Practical quantum tokens without quantum memories and experimental tests
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• A new Definition and Classification of Physical Unclonable Functions
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• Security Analysis of Ensemble-Based Quantum Token Protocol Under Advanced Attacks
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