Thermal and energetic processing of astrophysical ice analogues rich in SO${}_2$

Abstract

Sulfur is an abundant element in the cosmos and it is thus an important contributor to astrochemistry in the interstellar medium and in the Solar System. Astronomical observations of the gas and of the solid phases in the dense interstellar/circumstellar regions have evidenced that sulfur is underabundant. The hypothesis to explain such a circumstance is that it is incorporated in some species in the solid phase (i.e. as frozen gases and/or refractory solids) and/or in the gas phase, which for different reasons have not been observed so far. Here we wish to give a contribution to the field by studying the chemistry induced by thermal and energetic processing of frozen mixtures of sulfur dioxide (one of the most abundant sulfur-bearing molecules observed so far) and water. We present the results of a series of laboratory experiments concerning thermal processing of different H2O:SO2 mixtures and ion bombardment 30 keV He${}^{+}$ of the same mixtures. We used in situ FTIR spectroscopy to investigate the induced effects. The results indicate that ionic species such as HSO${}_3^{-}$, HSO${}_4^{-}$, and S${}_2$O${}_5^{2-}$ are easily produced. Energetic processing also produces SO${}_3$ polymers and a sulfurous refractory residue. The produced ionic species exhibit spectral features in a region that, in astronomical spectra of dense molecular clouds, is dominated by strong silicate absorption. However, such a dominant feature is associated with some spectral features, some of which have not yet been identified. We suggest adding the sulfur-bearing ionic species to the list of candidates to help explain some of those features.

References in corpus (3)

• Non-thermal desorption from interstellar dust grains via exothermic surface reactions
• A new study of an old sink of sulfur in hot molecular cores: the sulfur residue
• Detection of C3O in the low-mass protostar Elias 18

Cited by in corpus (10)

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• Electron Irradiation and Thermal Chemistry Studies of Interstellar and Planetary Ice Analogues at the ICA Astrochemistry Facility
• The Role of Terahertz and Far-IR Spectroscopy in Understanding the Formation and Evolution of Interstellar Prebiotic Molecules
• SO2 and OCS toward high-mass protostars: A comparative study between ice and gas
• Ozone Production in Electron Irradiated CO2:O2 Ices
• An ALCHEMI inspection of sulphur-bearing species towards the central molecular zone of NGC 253
• Irradiation induced mineral changes of NWA10580 meteorite determined by infrared analysis
• Temperature-programmed desorption of SO2 from water ice surfaces: Adsorption energy distributions
• Modeling the UV-photon irradiation of CS${}_2$-bearing ices in the laboratory with the pyRate gas-grain astrochemical code. New insights into the missing sulfur problem