Cosmic ray composition measurements and cosmic ray background free gamma-ray observations with Cherenkov telescopes

Abstract

Muon component of extensive air showers (EAS) initiated by cosmic ray particles carries information on the primary particle identity. We show that the muon content of EAS could be measured in a broad energy range from 10-100 TeV up to ultra-high-energy cosmic ray range using wide field-of-view imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes observing strongly inclined or nearly horizontal EAS from the ground of from high altitude. Cherenkov emission from muons in such EAS forms a distinct component (halo or tail) of the EAS image in the telescope camera. We show that detection of the muon signal could be used to measure composition of the cosmic ray spectrum in the energy ranges of the knee, the ankle and of the Galactic-to-extragalactic transition. It could also be used to veto the cosmic ray background in gamma-ray observations. This technique provides a possibility for up to two orders of magnitude improvement of sensitivity for gamma-ray flux in the energy band above 10 PeV, compared to KASCADE-Grande, and an order-of-magnitude improvement of sensitivity in the multi-EeV energy band, compared to Pierre Auger Observatory.

arXiv comment11 pages, 12 figures

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• MAGIC very large zenith angle observations of the Crab Nebula up to 100 TeV
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• The POEMMA (Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics) Observatory
• Extending the observation limits of Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes toward horizon
• Spatial and temporal structure of EAS reflected Cherenkov light signal
• Search for ultra-high energy photons through preshower effect with gamma-ray telescopes: Study of CTA-North efficiency
• Modeling the Optical Cherenkov Signals by Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Showers Directly Observed from Sub-Orbital and Orbital Altitudes