Supernova Constraints on Massive (Pseudo)Scalar Coupling to Neutrinos

Abstract

In this paper we derive constraints on the emission of a massive (pseudo)scalar $S$ from annihilation of neutrinos in the core of supernovae through the dimension-4 coupling $\nu \nu S$, as well as the effective dimension-5 operator $\frac{1}{\Lambda }(\nu \nu )(SS)$. While most of earlier studies have focused on massless or ultralight scalars, our analysis involves scalar with masses of order $\mathrm{eV}-\mathrm{GeV}$ which can be copiously produced during the explosion of supernovae, whose core temperature is generally of order $T\sim \mathcal{O}(10)$ MeV. From the luminosity and deleptonization arguments regarding the observation of SN1987A, we exclude a large range of couplings $10^{-12}\lesssim |g_{\alpha \beta }|\lesssim 10^{-5}$ for the dimension-4 case, depending on the neutrino flavours involved and the scalar mass. In the case of dimension-5 operator, for a scalar mass from MeV to 100 MeV the coupling $h_{\alpha \beta }$ get constrained from $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-2}$, with the cutoff scale explicitly set $\Lambda =1$ TeV. We finally show that if the neutrino burst of a nearby supernova explosion is detected by Super-Kamiokande and IceCube, the constraints will be largely reinforced.

17 pages, 4 figures, version to appear in JCAP

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• Solar Neutrino Probes of Light New Physics: Updated Limits from LUX-ZEPLIN Experiment