Deep optical observations of unusual neutron star Calvera with the GTC

Abstract

Calvera is an unusual isolated neutron star with pure thermal X-ray spectrum typical for central compact objects in supernova remnants. On the other hand, its rotation period and spin-down rate are typical for ordinary rotation-powered pulsars. It was discovered and studied in X-rays and not yet detected in other spectral domains. We present deep optical imaging of the Calvera field obtained with the Gran Telescopio Canarias in $g^{\prime }$ and $i^{\prime }$ bands. Within $\approx 1^{\prime \prime }$ vicinity of Calvera, we detected two point-like objects invisible at previous shallow observations. However, accurate astrometry showed that none of them can be identified with the pulsar. We put new upper limits on its optical brightness of $g^{\prime }>27.87$ and $i^{\prime }>26.84$. We also reanalyzed all available archival X-ray data on Calvera. Comparison of the Calvera thermal emission parameters and upper limits on optical and non-thermal X-ray emission with respective data on rotation-powered pulsars shows that Calvera might belong to the class of ordinary middle-aged pulsars, if we assume that its distance is in the range of $1.5-5$ kpc.

20 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables

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• NICER study of pulsed thermal X-rays from Calvera: a neutron star born in the Galactic halo?
• Efficiency of Synchrotron Radiation from Rotation-Powered Pulsars
• Observations of the $\gamma$-ray pulsar J1932+1916 in X-rays
• XMM-Newton observations of PSR J0554+3107: pulsing thermal emission from a cooling high-mass neutron star