The Physics of Biofilms -- An Introduction

Abstract

Biofilms are complex, self-organized consortia of microorganisms that produce a functional, protective matrix of biomolecules. Physically, the structure of a biofilm can be described as an entangled polymer network which grows and changes under the effect of gradients of nutrients, cell differentiation, quorum sensing, bacterial motion, and interaction with the environment. Its development is complex, and constantly adapting to environmental stimuli. Here, we review the fundamental physical processes the govern the inception, growth and development of a biofilm. Two important mechanisms guide the initial phase in a biofilm life cycle: (\emph{i}) the cell motility near or at a solid interface, and (\emph{ii}) the cellular adhesion. Both processes are crucial for initiating the colony and for ensuring its stability. A mature biofilm behaves as a viscoelastic fluid with a complex, history-dependent dynamics. We discuss progress and challenges in the determination of its physical properties. Experimental and theoretical methods are now available that aim at integrating the biofilm's hierarchy of interactions, and the heterogeneity of composition and spatial structures. We also discuss important directions in which future work should be directed.

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Cited by in corpus (15)

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• On the growth of non-motile bacteria colonies: an agent-based model for pattern formation
• Slowdown of the surface diffusion during early stages of bacterial colonization
• Collective behavior of squirmers in thin films
• Homogeneous and heterogeneous populations of active rods in two-dimensional channels
• Light-regulated adsorption and desorption of Chlamydomonas cells at surfaces
• Rotational tumbling of Escherichia coli aggregates under shear
• Topological transition in filamentous cyanobacteria: from motion to structure
• Inverse problems for a model of biofilm growth
• Internal sites of actuation and activation in thin elastic films and membranes of finite thickness
• Toward a realistic model of multilayered bacterial colonies
• Effects of curvature on growing films of microorganisms