APOGEE Kinematics I: Overview of the Kinematics of the Galactic Bulge as Mapped by APOGEE

Abstract

We present the stellar kinematics across the Galactic bulge and into the disk at positive longitudes from the SDSS-III APOGEE spectroscopic survey of the Milky Way. APOGEE includes extensive coverage of the stellar populations of the bulge along the mid-plane and near-plane regions. From these data, we have produced kinematic maps of 10,000 stars across longitudes 0 deg < l < 65 deg, and primarily across latitudes of |b| < 5 deg in the bulge region. The APOGEE data reveal that the bulge is cylindrically rotating across all latitudes and is kinematically hottest at the very centre of the bulge, with the smallest gradients in both kinematic and chemical space inside the inner-most region (l,|b|) < (5,5) deg. The results from APOGEE show good agreement with data from other surveys at higher latitudes and a remarkable similarity to the rotation and dispersion maps of barred galaxies viewed edge on. The thin bar that is reported to be present in the inner disk within a narrow latitude range of |b| < 2 deg appears to have a corresponding signature in [Fe/H] and [alpha/Fe]. Stars with [Fe/H] > -0.5 have dispersion and rotation profiles that are similar to that of N-body models of boxy/peanut bulges. There is a smooth kinematic transition from the thin bar and boxy bulge (l,|b|) < (15,12) deg out into the disk for stars with [Fe/H] > -1.0, and the chemodynamics across (l,b) suggests the stars in the inner Galaxy with [Fe/H] > -1.0 have an origin in the disk.

arXiv commentAccepted by ApJ 15 December 2015

References in corpus (48)

• PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code
• The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems
• The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
• The Tenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the SDSS-III Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment
• Clumps and streams in the local dark matter distribution
• ASPCAP: The Apogee Stellar Parameter and Chemical Abundances Pipeline
• Chemical Cartography with APOGEE: Metallicity Distribution Functions and the Chemical Structure of the Milky Way Disk
• What determines the strength and the slowdown rate of bars ?
• Morphology, photometry and kinematics of N-body bars. I Three models with different halo central concentrations
• The Data Reduction Pipeline for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment
• Evolution of Stellar Bars in Live Axisymmetric Halos: Recurrent Buckling and Secular Growth
• Target Selection for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
• The Cannon: A data-driven approach to stellar label determination
• The Structure of the Milky Way's Bar Outside the Bulge
• Our Milky Way as a Pure-Disk Galaxy -- A Challenge for Galaxy Formation
• The Metal Content of Bulge Field Stars from FLAMES-GIRAFFE Spectra. I. Stellar parameters and Iron Abundances
• The APOKASC Catalog: An Asteroseismic and Spectroscopic Joint Survey of Targets in the Kepler Fields
• ARGOS III: Stellar Populations in the Galactic Bulge of the Milky Way
• Two Red Clumps and the X-Shaped Milky Way Bulge
• The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay (BRAVA): II. Complete Sample and Data Release
• The Split Red Clump of the Galactic Bulge from OGLE-III
• The metallicity distribution of bulge clump giants in Baade's Window
• ARGOS IV: The Kinematics of the Milky Way Bulge
• Lifting the Dusty Veil With Near- and Mid-Infrared Photometry: I. Description and Applications of the Rayleigh-Jeans Color Excess Method
• The origin of the split red clump in the Galactic bulge of the Milky Way
• Made-to-Measure models of the Galactic Box/Peanut bulge: stellar and total mass in the bulge region
• Insights on the Milky Way bulge formation from the correlations between kinematics and metallicity
• Calibrations of Atmospheric Parameters Obtained from the First Year of SDSS-III APOGEE Observations
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: metallicity and kinematic trends in the Milky Way bulge
• The GIRAFFE Inner Bulge Survey (GIBS). I. Survey Description and a kinematical map of the Milky Way bulge
• Reddening and metallicity maps of the Milky Way Bulge from VVV and 2MASS. I.The method and minor axis maps
• The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay (BRAVA): I. Sample Selection and a Rotation Curve
• Extremely metal-poor stars from the cosmic dawn in the bulge of the Milky Way
• Reddening and metallicity maps of the Milky Way bulge from VVV and 2MASS III. The first global photometric metallicity map of the Galactic bulge
• The First Detailed Abundances for M giants in the inner Bulge from Infrared Spectroscopy
• The Kinematic Signature of Face-On Peanut-Shaped Bulges
• Constraining the structure and formation of the Galactic bulge from a field in its outskirts. FLAMES-GIRAFFE spectra of about 400 red giants around (l,b)=(0°,-10°)
• Detailed abundances for M giants in two inner bulge fields from Infrared Spectroscopy
• Formation and evolution of S0 galaxies: a SAURON case study of NGC7332
• Metallicity of Red Giants in the Galactic Bulge from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Metal-poor stars towards the Galactic bulge - a population potpourri
• Why the Milky Way's bulge is not only a bar formed from a cold thin disk
• Young stars in an old bulge: a natural outcome of internal evolution in the Milky Way
• Metallicity gradients through disk Instability: A simple model for the Milky Way's boxy bulge
• Chemistry of the Most Metal-poor Stars in the Bulge and the z > 10 Universe
• A bar in the inner halo of barred galaxies I. Structure and kinematics of a representative model
• Young alpha-enriched giant stars in the solar neighbourhood

Cited by in corpus (55)

• The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
• Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe
• Dynamical modelling of the Galactic bulge and bar: the Milky Way's bar pattern speed, stellar, and dark matter mass distribution
• Chemodynamical history of the Galactic Bulge
• Chemical tagging with APOGEE: Discovery of a large population of N-rich stars in the inner Galaxy
• Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge as traced by microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars. VI. Age and abundance structure of the stellar populations in the central sub-kpc of the Milky Way
• Separation of Stellar Populations by an Evolving Bar: Implications for the Bulge of the Milky Way
• Simultaneous calibration of spectro-photometric distances and the Gaia DR2 parallax zero-point offset with deep learning
• The pattern speed of the Milky Way bar from transverse velocities
• The Milky Way bar and bulge revealed by APOGEE DR16 and Gaia EDR3
• The GALAH survey: tracing the Galactic disk with Open Clusters
• The nature of giant clumps in distant galaxies probed by the anatomy of the Cosmic Snake
• A radial age gradient in the geometrically thick disk of the Milky Way
• How Many Components? Quantifying the Complexity of the Metallicity Distribution in the Milky Way Bulge with APOGEE
• APOGEE DR14/DR15 Abundances in the Inner Milky Way
• Phylogeny of the Milky Way's inner disk and bulge populations: Implications for gas accretion, (the lack of) inside-out thick disk formation, and quenching
• Chemodynamical Modelling of the Galactic Bulge and Bar
• The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay for RR Lyrae stars (BRAVA-RR) DR2: a Bimodal Bulge?
• Stars behind bars I: The Milky Way's central stellar populations
• Formation, vertex deviation and age of the Milky Way's bulge: input from a cosmological simulation with a late-forming bar
• Exploring the stellar age distribution of the Milky Way Bulge using APOGEE
• Chemical Cartography with APOGEE: Mapping Disk Populations with a Two-Process Model and Residual Abundances
• The Bulge Metallicity Distribution from the APOGEE Survey
• Mapping the Extinction Curve in 3D: Structure on Kiloparsec Scales
• Mapping the stellar age of the Milky Way bulge with the VVV. I. The method
• Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium stellar spectroscopy with 1D and 3D models - II. Chemical properties of the Galactic metal-poor disc and the halo
• The Hercules stream as seen by APOGEE-2 South
• Kinematics in the Galactic Bulge with APOGEE: II. High-Order Kinematical Moments and Comparison to Extragalactic Bar Diagnostics
• What the Milky Way bulge reveals about the initial metallicity gradients in the disc
• The central velocity dispersion of the Milky Way bulge
• Bars & boxy/peanut bulges in thin & thick discs: I. Morphology and line-of-sight velocities of a fiducial model
• Kinematics of RR Lyrae stars in the Galactic bulge with OGLE-IV and Gaia DR2
• Was the Milky Way Bulge Formed From The Buckling Disk Instability, Hierarchical Collapse, Accretion of Clumps, or All of the Above?
• The Gaia-ESO survey: Metal-rich bananas in the bulge
• Deep Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Globular Clusters Towards the Galactic Bulge: Observations, Data Reduction and Color-Magnitude Diagrams
• A2A: 21,000 bulge stars from the ARGOS survey with stellar parameters on the APOGEE scale
• HERBS I: Metallicity and alpha enhancement along the Galactic bulge minor axis
• The chemical properties of the Milky Way's on-bar and off-bar regions: evidence for inhomogeneous star formation history in the bulge
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Chemical tagging in the thin disk. Open clusters blindly recovered in the elemental abundance space
• Kinematics of the Galactic disk from LAMOST Dwarf sample
• Searching for a kinematic signature of the moderately metal-poor stars in the Milky Way bulge using N-body simulations
• Mapping the tilt of the Milky Way bulge velocity ellipsoids with ARGOS and $Gaia$ DR2
• FSR 1776: a new globular cluster in the Galactic bulge?
• Signatures of the Galactic bar on stellar kinematics unveiled by APOGEE
• Understanding the velocity distribution of the Galactic Bulge with APOGEE and Gaia
• Predicted Trends in Milky Way Bulge Proper Motion Rotation Curves: future Prospects for HST and LSST
• Damping of the Milky Way bar by manifold-driven spirals
• Black Holes LIGO/Virgo Domination and Single-lined Binaries with a Black Hole Candidate Component
• Long-period maser-bearing Miras in the Galactic center: period-luminosity relations and extinction estimates
• Rediscovering the Milky Way with orbit superposition approach and APOGEE data III. Panoramic view of the bulge
• The barred inner Milky Way: dynamical models from surveys
• Baryon-driven decontraction in Milky Way mass haloes
• Towards Understanding the Milky Way's Typicality: Assessing the Chemodynamics of M31's Bulge & Bar, Thick & Thin Discs
• A method to derive self-consistent NLTE astrophysical parameters for 4 million high-resolution 4MOST stellar spectra in half a day with invertible neural networks
• Dynamical properties of high-[Mg/Fe] stars in the Milky Way bar region