Asteroid thermophysical modeling

Abstract

The field of asteroid thermophysical modeling has experienced an extraordinary growth in the last ten years, as new thermal infrared data became available for hundreds of thousands of asteroids. The infrared emission of asteroids depends on the body's size, shape, albedo, thermal inertia, roughness and rotational properties. These parameters can therefore be derived by thermophysical modeling of infrared data. Thermophysical modeling led to asteroid size estimates that were confirmed at the few-percent level by later spacecraft visits. We discuss how instrumentation advances now allow mid-infrared interferometric observations as well as high-accuracy spectro-photometry, posing their own set of thermal-modeling challenges.We present major breakthroughs achieved in studies of the thermal inertia, a sensitive indicator for the nature of asteroids soils, allowing us, for instance, to determine the grain size of asteroidal regoliths. Thermal inertia also governs non-gravitational effects on asteroid orbits, requiring thermophysical modeling for precise asteroid dynamical studies. The radiative heating of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets from the Sun also governs the thermal stress in surface material; only recently has it been recognized as a significant weathering process. Asteroid space missions with thermal infrared instruments are currently undergoing study at all major space agencies. This will require a high level of sophistication of thermophysical models in order to analyze high-quality spacecraft data.

Accepted for publication in the Asteroids IV book

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• Small Bodies: Near and Far Database for thermal infrared observations of small bodies in the Solar System
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• Thermophysical Modeling of Asteroid Surfaces using Ellipsoid Shape Models
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• The Moon at thermal infrared wavelengths: A benchmark for asteroid thermal models
• TNOs are Cool: a survey of the Transneptunian Region XII. Thermal light curves of Haumea, 2003 VS2 and 2003 AZ84 with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS
• Investigating S-type asteroid surfaces through reflectance spectra of Ordinary Chondrites
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• Asteroids seen by JWST-MIRI: Radiometric Size, Distance and Orbit Constraints
• Scaling slowly rotating asteroids by stellar occultations
• A study of 3-dimensional shapes of asteroid families with an application to Eos
• Thermal radiation pressure as a possible mechanism for losing small particles on asteroids
• The Physics of Cometary Anti-tails as Observed in 3I/ATLAS
• Deep operator neural network applied to efficient computation of asteroid surface temperature and the Yarkovsky effect
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• Mid-IR Observations of IRAS, AKARI, WISE/NEOWISE and Subaru for Large Icy Asteroid (704) Interamnia: a New Perspective of Regolith Properties and Water Ice Fraction
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• Physical properties of near-Earth asteroid (2102) Tantalus from multi-wavelength observations
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• Inconsistencies in Simple Thermal Model Results for Near-Earth Asteroids between Infrared Telescope Facility SpeX and NEOWISE Data
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