A review of progress in the physics of open quantum systems: theory and experiment

Abstract

This Report explores recent advances in our understanding of the physics of open quantum systems (OQSs) which consist of some localized region that is coupled to an external environment. Examples of such systems may be found in numerous areas of physics including mesoscopic physics that provides the main focus of this review. We provide a detailed discussion of the behavior of OQSs in terms of the projection-operator formalism, according to which the system under study is considered to be comprised of a localized region ($Q$), embedded into a well-defined environment ($P$) of scattering wavefunctions (with $Q+P=1$). The $Q$ subspace must be treated using the concepts of non-Hermitian physics, and of particular interest here is: the capacity of the environment to mediate a coupling between the different states of $Q$; the role played by the presence of exceptional points (EPs) in the spectra of OQSs; the influence of EPs on the rigidity of the wavefunction phases, and; the ability of EPs to initiate a dynamical phase transition (DPT). DPTs occur when the quantum dynamics of the open system causes transitions between non-analytically connected states, as a function of some external control parameter. In addition to discussing experiments on mesoscopic quantum point contacts, we also review manifestations of DPTs in mesoscopic devices and other systems. Other possible manifestations of this phenomenon are presented. From these discussions a generic picture of OQSs emerges in which the environmentally-mediated coupling between different quantum states plays a critical role in governing the system behavior.

Title changed; 1 reference added; published Rep. Progr. Phys. 78 (2015) 114001 (37pp); here: Abstract (full length), Introduction (including 1 figure), Conclusions, References

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• Dynamics of Loschmidt echoes and fidelity decay
• Physical realization of $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-symmetric potential scattering in a planar slab waveguide
• Exponentially Fragile PT-Symmetry in Lattices with Localized Eigenmodes
• PT-Symmetric Talbot Effects
• Magnetic impurity formation in quantum point contacts
• Photon localization and Dicke superradiance in atomic gases
• Bypassing the bandwidth theorem with PT symmetry
• Cooperative Spontaneous Emission as a Many Body Eigenvalue Problem
• Environmentally induced Quantum Dynamical Phase Transition in the spin swapping operation
• Experimental Investigation of the Transition between Autler-Townes Splitting and Electromagnetically-Induced Transparency
• Physics counterpart of the PT non-hermitian tight-binding chain
• Revisiting the Fermi Golden Rule: Quantum Dynamical Phase Transition as a Paradigm Shift
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• Dynamical regimes of a quantum swap gate beyond the Fermi Golden Rule
• Phase rigidity and avoided level crossings in the complex energy plane
• Wavefunction statistics in open chaotic billiards
• Cooperative robustness to dephasing: single-exciton Superradiance in a nanoscale ring to model natural light-harvesting systems
• Correlated behavior of conductance and phase rigidity in the transition from the weak-coupling to the strong-coupling regime
• Detector Backaction on the Self-Consistent Bound State in Quantum Point Contacts
• Tuning the Fano Resonance with an Intruder Continuum
• Dynamical stabilization and time in open quantum systems
• Open quantum systems with loss and gain
• Non-Hermitian approach for modeling of noise-assisted quantum electron transfer in photosynthetic complexes

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