Hydrodynamic simulations of captured protoatmospheres around Earth-like planets
arXiv:1505.06859 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423638
Abstract
Young terrestrial planets, when they are still embedded in a circumstellar disk, accumulate an atmosphere of nebula gas. The evolution and eventual evaporation of the protoplanetary disk affect the structure and dynamics of the planetary atmosphere. These processes, combined with other mass loss mechanisms, such as thermal escape driven by extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation (XUV) from the young host star, determine how much of the primary atmosphere, if anything at all, survives into later stages of planetary evolution. Our aim is to explore the structure and the dynamic outflow processes of nebula-accreted atmospheres in dependency on changes in the planetary environment. We integrate stationary hydrostatic models and perform time-dependent dynamical simulations to investigate the effect of a changing nebula environment on the atmospheric structure and the timescales on which the protoatmosphere reacts to these changes. We find that the behavior of the atmospheres strongly depends on the mass of the planetary core. For planets of about Mars-mass the atmospheric structure, and in particular the atmospheric mass, changes drastically and on very short timescales whereas atmospheres around higher mass planets are much more robust and inert.
References in corpus (16)
- Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
- Rosseland and Planck Mean Opacities for Protoplanetary Discs
- Line and Mean Opacities for Ultracool Dwarfs and Extrasolar Planets
- Atmospheres of protoplanetary cores: critical mass for nucleated instability
- The escape of heavy atoms from the ionosphere of HD209458b. I. A photochemical-dynamical model of the thermosphere
- Constraints on the mass of a habitable planet with water of nebular origin
- Destruction of protoplanetary disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster
- In-situ Accretion of Hydrogen-Rich Atmospheres on Short-Period Super-Earths: Implications for the Kepler-11 Planets
- A Spitzer Census of Transitional Protoplanetary Disks with AU-Scale Inner Holes
- Origin and Loss of nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes from "sub"- to "super-Earths" in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars
- Probing the Blow-Off Criteria of Hydrogen-Rich "Super-Earths"
- XUV exposed non-hydrostatic hydrogen-rich upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets. Part I: Atmospheric expansion and thermal escape
- Escape of the martian protoatmosphere and initial water inventory
- Stellar wind interaction and pick-up ion escape of the Kepler-11 "super-Earths"
- XUV exposed, non-hydrostatic hydrogen-rich upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets II: Hydrogen coronae and ion escape
- A two-columns formalism for time-dependent modelling of stellar convection. I. Description of the method
Cited by in corpus (36)
- Exoplanetary Atmospheres - Chemistry, Formation Conditions, and Habitability
- The Evolution of Stellar Rotation and the hydrogen atmospheres of habitable-zone Terrestrial Planets
- A grid of upper atmosphere models for 1--40 MEARTH planets: application to CoRoT-7 b and HD219134 b,c
- Habitability of Terrestrial-Mass Planets in the HZ of M Dwarfs. I. H/He-Dominated Atmospheres
- Thermal mass loss of protoplanetary cores with hydrogen-dominated atmospheres: The influences of ionization and orbital distance
- CHEOPS observations of the HD 108236 planetary system: A fifth planet, improved ephemerides, and planetary radii
- Identifying the "true" radius of the hot sub-Neptune CoRoT-24b by mass loss modelling
- Escape and fractionation of volatiles and noble gases from Mars-sized planetary embryos and growing protoplanets
- Hydrodynamic escape of water vapor atmospheres near very active stars
- An Overabundance of Low-density Neptune-like Planets
- Loss and fractionation of noble gas isotopes and moderately volatile elements from planetary embryos and early Venus, Earth and Mars
- Coupling thermal evolution of planets and hydrodynamic atmospheric escape in MESA
- Close-in sub-Neptunes reveal the past rotation history of their host stars: atmospheric evolution of planets in the HD3167 and K2-32 planetary systems
- The Kepler-11 system: evolution of the stellar high-energy emission and {initial planetary} atmospheric mass fractions
- A critical assessment of the applicability of the energy-limited approximation for estimating exoplanetary mass-loss rates
- Young planets under extreme UV irradiation. I. Upper atmosphere modelling of the young exoplanet K2-33b
- Growing Mars fast: High-resolution GPU simulations of embryo formation
- On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-Mass Objects
- Formation of aqua planets with water of nebular origin: Effects of water enrichment on the structure and mass of captured atmospheres of terrestrial planets
- Did Mars possess a dense atmosphere during the first ~400 million years?
- Exoplanet Volatile Carbon Content as a Natural Pathway for Haze Formation
- Planetary evolution with atmospheric photoevaporation II: Fitting the slope of the radius valley by combining boil-off and XUV-driven escape
- The TEMPO Survey I: Predicting Yields of the Transiting Exosatellites, Moons, and Planets from a 30-day Survey of Orion with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
- Modification of the radioactive heat budget of Earth-like exoplanets by the loss of primordial atmospheres
- The Dynamic Proto-atmospheres around Low-Mass Planets with Eccentric Orbits
- A Geologically Robust Procedure For Observing Rocky Exoplanets to Ensure that Detection of Atmospheric Oxygen is an Earth-Like Biosignature
- Stellar activity and planetary atmosphere evolution in tight binary star systems
- Magnetic Fields Recorded by Chondrules Formed in Nebular Shocks
- The multi-planet system TOI-421 -- A warm Neptune and a super puffy mini-Neptune transiting a G9 V star in a visual binary
- Composition constraints of the TRAPPIST-1 planets from their formation
- Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE). XIV. Finding terrestrial protoplanets in the galactic neighborhood
- Stellar rotation and its connection to the evolution of hydrogen-dominated atmospheres of exoplanets
- Large-scale structures in the stellar wind of fast-rotating stars spawned by the presence of Earth-like planets
- Evolution and Observable Properties of Rocky Planet Atmospheres
- Constraining stellar rotation and planetary atmospheric evolution of a dozen systems hosting sub-Neptunes and super-Earths
- Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs