Electroweak sphalerons in the reduced minimal 3-3-1 model

Abstract

We calculate the electroweak sphaleron rates in the reduced minimal 3-3-1 (RM331) model. In the context of the early Universe, this model undergoes a sequence of two first-order phase transitions, $SU(3)\to SU(2)$ at the TeV scale and $SU(2)\to U(1)$ at the $10^2$ GeV scale, as the Universe cools down from the hot big bang. By a thin-wall approximation, we show that for each phase transition in this sequence, the sphaleron rate is larger than the cosmological expansion rate at temperatures higher than the critical temperature, and after the phase transition, the sphaleron process is decoupled. This may provide baryon-number violation (B violation) necessary for baryogenesis in the relationship with nonequilibrium physics in the early Universe.

13 pages, 3 figures

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• Sphaleron in the first-order electroweak phase transition with the dimension-six Higgs operator
• Baryogenesis in the Zee-Babu model with arbitrary $\xi$ gauge
• Multi-period structure of electro-weak phase transition in the 3-3-1-1 model
• Dual electroweak phase transition in the two-Higgs-doublet model with the $S_3$ discrete symmetry
• An extended 3-3-1 model with two scalar triplets and linear seesaw mechanism
• Early Universe in the SU(3)_L X U(1)_X electroweak models
• Electroweak phase transition via Dilaton in Two-Time Physics
• Electro-weak Phase Transition With Three Phases in The $SU(2{)}_1\otimes SU(2{)}_2\otimes U(1{)}_Y$ Model
• Twin electroweak bubble nucleation and gravitational wave under the $S_3$ symmetry of two-Higgs-doublet model
• Strong First Order Phase Transition and $B$ Violation in the Compact 341 Model
• Sphaleron and gravitational wave with the Higgs-Dilaton potential in the Standard Model Two-Time Physics