H I Free-Bound Emission of Planetary Nebulae with Large Abundance Discrepancies: Two-Component Models versus Kappa-distributed electrons

Abstract

The "abundance discrepancy" problem in the study of planetary nebulae (PNe), viz., the problem concerning systematically higher heavy-element abundances derived from optical recombination lines relative to those from collisionally excited lines, has been under discussion for decades, but no consensus on its solution has yet been reached. In this paper we investigate the hydrogen free-bound emission near the Balmer jump region of four PNe that are among those with the largest abundance discrepancies, aiming to examine two recently proposed solutions to this problem: two-component models and Kappa electron energy distributions. We find that the Balmer jump intensities and the spectrum slopes cannot be simultaneously matched by the theoretical calculations based upon single Maxwell-Boltzmann electron-energy distributions, whereas the fitting can be equally improved by introducing Kappa electron energy distributions or an additional Maxwell-Boltzmann component. We show that although H I free-bound emission alone cannot distinguish the two scenarios, it can provide important constraints on the electron energy distributions, especially for cold and low-Kappa plasmas.

23 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• On the non-thermal kappa-distributed electrons in planetary nebulae and HII regions: the kappa index and its correlations with other nebular properties
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• The ultraviolet CII lines as a diagnostic of kappa-distributed electrons in planetary nebulae
• Electron Energy Distributions in the Extended Gas Nebulae associated with High-z AGN: Maxwell-Boltzmann vs. kappa distributions
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