Background X-ray Radiation Fields Produced by Young Embedded Star Clusters

Abstract

Most star formation in our galaxy occurs within embedded clusters, and these background environments can affect the star and planet formation processes occurring within them. In turn, young stellar members can shape the background environment and thereby provide a feedback mechanism. This work explores one aspect of stellar feedback by quantifying the background X-ray radiation fields produced by young stellar objects. Specifically, the distributions of X-ray luminosities and X-ray fluxes produced by cluster environments are constructed as a function of cluster membership size $N$. Composite flux distributions, for given distributions of cluster sizes $N$, are also constructed. The resulting distributions are wide and the X-ray radiation fields are moderately intense, with the expected flux levels exceeding the cosmic and galactic X-ray backgrounds by factors of $\sim 10-1000$ (for energies 0.2 -- 15 keV). For circumstellar disks that are geometrically thin and optically thick, the X-ray flux from the background cluster dominates that provided by a typical central star in the outer disk where $r \ga 9 - 14$ AU. In addition, the expectation value of the ionization rate provided by the cluster X-ray background is ${\zeta }_X\sim 8\times 10^{-17}$ s${}^{-1}$, about 4 -- 8 times larger than the canonical value of the ionization rate from cosmic rays. These elevated flux levels in clusters indicate that X-rays can affect ionization, chemistry, and heating in circumstellar disks and in the material between young stellar objects.

Accepted for publication in PASP

References in corpus (4)

• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres I: Predicted emission line spectrum and photoevaporation
• UV Radiation Fields Produced by Young Embedded Star Clusters
• X-ray activity and rotation of the young stars in IC 348

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• Complex organic molecules in protoplanetary disks: X-ray photodesorption from methanol-containing ices. Part II -- Mixed methanol-CO and methanol-H2O ices
• Most Stars (and Planets?) Are Born in Intense Radiation Fields
• Formation of ring-like structures in flared α-discs with X-ray/FUV photoevaporation
• Star Forming Regions