Supernovae without host galaxies? The low surface brightness host of SN 2009Z

Abstract

A remarkable fraction of supernovae (SNe) have no obvious host galaxy. Two possible explanations are that (i) the host galaxy is simply not detected within the sensitivity of the available data or that (ii) the progenitor is a hypervelocity star that has escaped its parent galaxy. We use the Type IIb SN 2009Z as a prototype of case (i), an example of how a very faint (here Low Surface Brightness; LSB) galaxy can be discovered via the observation of a seemingly host-less SN. By identifying and studying LSB galaxies that host SNe related to the death of massive stars, we can place constraints on the stellar population and environment of LSB galaxies, which at present are poorly understood. From an HI spectrum, a redshift of z = 0.02513+-0.00001 and an HI mass of (2.96+-0.12) 10^9 M_sun are computed. This redshift is consistent with that obtained from optical emission lines of SN 2009Z. Furthermore, a gas mass fraction of f_g = 0.87+-0.04 is obtained, one of the highest fractions ever measured. The host galaxy shows signs of recently enhanced star formation activity with a far-UV derived extinction-corrected Star Formation Rate (SFR) of 0.44+-0.34 M_sun/yr. Based on the B-band luminosity we estimate an extinction-corrected metallicity following the calibration by Pilyugin (2001) of 12 + log(O/H) = 8.24+-0.70. The presence of a Type IIb SN in an LSB galaxy suggests, contrary to popular belief, that massive stars can be formed in this type of galaxies. Furthermore, our results imply that LSB galaxies undergo phases of small, local burst activity intermittent with longer phases of inactivity.

9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&A, abstract abridged due to arXiv requirements

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• On the Origins of "Hostless'' Supernovae: Testing the Faint-end Galaxy Luminosity Function and Supernova Progenitors with Events in Dwarf Galaxies