Kramers-Kronig, Bode, and the meaning of zero

Abstract

The implications of causality, as captured by the Kramers-Kronig relations between the real and imaginary parts of a linear response function, are familiar parts of the physics curriculum. In 1937, Bode derived a similar relation between the magnitude (response gain) and phase. Although the Kramers-Kronig relations are an equality, Bode's relation is effectively an inequality. This perhaps-surprising difference is explained using elementary examples and ultimately traces back to delays in the flow of information within the system formed by the physical object and measurement apparatus.

8 pages; American Journal of Physics, to appear

References in corpus (1)

• Demonstration of superluminal effects in an absorptionless, non-reflective system

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