Saddles, Arrows, and Spirals: Deterministic Trajectories in Cyclic Competition of Four Species

Abstract

Population dynamics in systems composed of cyclically competing species has been of increasing interest recently. Here, we investigate a system with four or more species. Using mean field theory, we study in detail the trajectories in configuration space of the population fractions. We discover a variety of orbits, shaped like saddles, spirals, and straight lines. Many of their properties are found explicitly. Most remarkably, we identify a collective variable which evolves simply as an exponential: $\mathcal{Q}$, where $\lambda$ is a function of the reaction rates. It provides information on the state of the system for late times (as well as for $t\to -\infty$). We discuss implications of these results for the evolution of a finite, stochastic system. A generalization to an arbitrary number of cyclically competing species yields valuable insights into universal properties of such systems.

15 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Physical Review E

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• Mobility-Dependent Selection of Competing Strategy Associations
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