Jets and QCD: A Historical Review of the Discovery of the Quark and Gluon Jets and its Impact on QCD

Abstract

The observation of quark and gluon jets has played a crucial role in establishing Quantum Chromodynamics [QCD] as the theory of the strong interactions within the Standard Model of particle physics. The jets, narrowly collimated bundles of hadrons, reflect configurations of quarks and gluons at short distances. Thus, by analysing energy and angular distributions of the jets experimentally, the properties of the basic constituents of matter and the strong forces acting between them can be explored. In this review, which is primarily a description of the discovery of the quark and gluon jets and the impact of their observation on Quantum Chromodynamics, we elaborate, in particular, the role of the gluons as the carriers of the strong force. Focusing on these basic points, jets in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ collisions will be in the foreground of the discussion and we will concentrate on the theory that was contemporary with the relevant experiments at the electron-positron colliders. In addition we will delineate the role of jets as tools for exploring other particle aspects in $ep$ and $pp/p\bar{p}$ collisions - quark and gluon densities in protons, measurements of the QCD coupling, fundamental 2-2 quark/gluon scattering processes, but also the impact of jet decays of top quarks, and $W^{\pm },Z$ bosons on the electroweak sector. The presentation to a large extent is formulated in a non-technical language with the intent to recall the significant steps historically and convey the significance of this field also to communities beyond high energy physics.

84 pages, 48 figures; Typos corrected, text and the list of references extended; Invited article, published in Eur. Phys. J. H (Perspectives on Contemporary Physics)

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• Puzzles in Hadronic Physics and Novel Quantum Chromodynamics Phenomenology
• Universal quark to gluon ratio in medium-induced parton cascade
• Spin asymmetries in electron-jet production at the future electron ion collider
• Experimental Aspects of Jet Physics at a Future EIC
• Transverse Energy-Energy Correlations in Next-to-Leading Order in ${\alpha }_s$ at the LHC
• Differential measurements of jet substructure and partonic energy loss in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=200$ GeV
• Invariant Jet Mass Measurements in $pp$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV at RHIC
• Y(9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)
• Measurement of b jet shapes in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV
• Jet performance at the Circular electron-positron Collider
• Energy Correlators Beyond Angles
• Drag Force in the Vacuum of Confining Gauge Theories
• Measurement of lepton-jet correlation in deep-inelastic scattering with the H1 detector using machine learning for unfolding
• Studies of correlations between measurements of jet observables
• An Effective Model for Glueballs and Dual Superconductivity at Finite Temperature
• Quantum-annealing-inspired algorithms for multijet clustering