Extragalactic CS survey

Abstract

We present a coherent and homogeneous multi-line study of the CS molecule in nearby (D$<$10Mpc) galaxies. We include, from the literature, all the available observations from the $J=1-0$ to the $J=7-6$ transitions towards NGC 253, NGC 1068, IC 342, Henize~2-10, M~82, the Antennae Galaxies and M~83. We have, for the first time, detected the CS(7-6) line in NGC 253, M~82 (both in the North-East and South-West molecular lobes), NGC 4038, M~83 and tentatively in NGC 1068, IC 342 and Henize~2-10. We use the CS molecule as a tracer of the densest gas component of the ISM in extragalactic star-forming regions, following previous theoretical and observational studies by Bayet et al. (2008a,b and 2009). In this first paper out of a series, we analyze the CS data sample under both Local Thermodynamical Equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE (Large Velocity Gradient-LVG) approximations. We show that except for M~83 and Overlap (a shifted gas-rich position from the nucleus NGC 4039 in the Antennae Galaxies), the observations in NGC 253, IC 342, M~82-NE, M~82-SW and NGC 4038 are not well reproduced by a single set of gas component properties and that, at least, two gas components are required. For each gas component, we provide estimates of the corresponding kinetic temperature, total CS column density and gas density.

17 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables, Accepted to ApJ

References in corpus (9)

• A multi-transition HCN and HCO+ study of 12 nearby active galaxies: AGN versus SB environments
• A 2 mm spectral line survey of the starburst galaxy NGC 253
• Molecular gas in extreme star-forming environments: the starbursts Arp220 and NGC6240 as case studies
• A survey of submillimeter C and CO lines in nearby galaxies
• Molecular tracers of high mass star-formation in external galaxies
• Self-Regulated Fueling of Galaxy Centers: Evidence for Star-Formation Feedback in IC342's Nucleus
• Methanol detection in M82
• Rapid Star Formation in the Presence of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Tracing high density gas in M 82 and NGC 4038

Cited by in corpus (43)

• Dense Gas Tracers and Star Formation Laws in Active Galaxies: APEX Survey of HCN J=4-3, HCO+ J=4-3, and CS J=7-6
• A lambda = 1.3 mm and 2 mm molecular line survey towards M82
• Submillimeter ALMA Observations of the Dense Gas in the Low-Luminosity Type-1 Active Nucleus of NGC 1097
• Chemistry in Cosmic-Ray Dominated Regions (CRDRs)
• A lambda=3 mm molecular line survey of NGC1068. Chemical signatures of an AGN environment
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS) VII. Sulfur elemental abundance
• Spatially Resolved Chemistry in Nearby Galaxies II. The Nuclear Bar in Maffei 2
• CS, HC3N and CH3CCH multi-line analyses towards starburst galaxies. The evolution of cloud structures in the central regions of galaxies
• Spectral Line Survey toward Spiral Arm of M51 in the 3 mm and 2 mm Bands
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS). IV. Observational results and statistical trends
• The Dense Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Disk of NGC 1068
• Formaldehyde Densitometry of Starburst Galaxies: Density-Independent Global Star Formation
• Mapping photodissociation and shocks in the vicinity of Sgr A*
• Cold gas in the inner regions of intermediate redshift clusters
• Detections of C2H, cyclic-C3H2, and H13CN in NGC 1068
• A Multi-Transition Study of Molecules toward NGC 1068 based on High-Resolution Imaging Observations with ALMA
• A Census of the High-Density Molecular Gas in M82
• The warm molecular gas and dust of Seyfert galaxies: two different phases of accretion?
• Dense Molecular Gas in Nearby Gas-rich Active Galaxies
• Dense molecular gas toward W49A: A template for extragalactic starbursts?
• Gas-phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS) III. Unlocking the CS chemistry: the CS+O reaction
• Sulphur and carbon isotopes towards Galactic centre clouds
• The Redshift Search Receiver 3 mm Wavelength Spectra of 10 Galaxies
• Tracing Multi-Scale Magnetic Field Structure Using Multiple Chemical Tracers in Giant Molecular Clouds
• A Molecular Line Survey toward the Nearby Galaxies NGC 1068, NGC 253, and IC 342 at 3 mm with the Nobeyama 45-m Radio Telescope: Impact of an AGN on 1 kpc Scale Molecular Abundances
• The ATLAS 3D project - XVI. Physical parameters and spectral line energy distributions of the molecular gas in gas-rich early-type galaxies
• ISM chemistry in metal rich environments: molecular tracers of metallicity
• Spatially Resolved Chemistry in Nearby Galaxies III. Dense Molecular Gas in the Inner Disk of the LIRG IRAS 04296+2923
• ALMA multiline observations toward the central region of NGC 613
• Chemical tracers of high-metallicity environments
• ALMA observations of CS in NGC 1068: chemistry and excitation
• Water, methanol and dense gas tracers in the local ULIRG Arp 220: Results from the new SEPIA Band 5 Science Verification campaign
• The Evolution of NGC 7465 as Revealed by its Molecular Gas Properties
• The molecular ISM in luminous infrared galaxies: a 3mm line survey of Arp 157
• Deuterated species in extragalactic star-forming regions
• CS Lines Profiles in Hot Cores
• History-independent tracers: Forgetful molecular probes of the physical conditions of the dense interstellar medium
• Mapping CS in Starburst Galaxies: Disentangling and Characterising Dense Gas
• An ALCHEMI inspection of sulphur-bearing species towards the central molecular zone of NGC 253
• λ = 2 mm spectroscopy observations toward the circumnuclear disk of NGC 1068
• Molecular Gas Density Measured with H${}_2$CO and CS toward a Spiral Arm of M51
• Chemical complexity in NGC1068
• The influence of cosmic rays in the circumnuclear molecular gas of NGC1068