Million-Degree Plasma Pervading the Extended Orion Nebula

Abstract

Most stars form as members of large associations within dense, very cold (10-100 K) molecular clouds. The nearby giant molecular cloud in Orion hosts several thousand stars of ages less than a few million years, many of which are located in or around the famous Orion Nebula, a prominent gas structure illuminated and ionized by a small group of massive stars (the Trapezium). We present X-ray observations obtained with the X-ray Multi-Mirror satellite XMM-Newton revealing that a hot plasma with a temperature of 1.7-2.1 million K pervades the southwest extension of the nebula. The plasma, originating in the strong stellar winds from the Trapezium, flows into the adjacent interstellar medium. This X-ray outflow phenomenon must be widespread throughout our Galaxy.

accepted by Science, 23 pg, 7 figs, incl. Supplementary Online Material; this version of the work has been posted by permission of the AAAS. The definitive version was published in Science Express on Nov. 29, 2007, at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1149926; see also http://www.astro.phys.ethz.ch/papers/guedel/papers.html for downloads

References in corpus (8)

• The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS Cameras
• The Physics of Star Formation
• Global X-ray properties of the Orion Nebula region
• Ten Million Degree Gas in M 17 and the Rosette Nebula: X-ray Flows in Galactic H II Regions
• A Chandra/ACIS Study of 30 Doradus I. Superbubbles and Supernova Remnants
• HI Observations of Giant Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• Photoevaporation Flows in Blister HII Regions: I. Smooth Ionization Fronts and Application to the Orion Nebula
• Large Scale Flows from Orion-South

Cited by in corpus (94)

• The Spitzer Space Telescope Survey of the Orion A & B Molecular Clouds - Part I: A Census of Dusty Young Stellar Objects and a Study of their Mid-IR Variability
• The role of stellar feedback in the formation of galaxies
• Radiative feedback and the low efficiency of galaxy formation in low-mass haloes at high redshift
• The Spitzer Space Telescope Survey of the Orion A and B Molecular Clouds II: the Spatial Distribution and Demographics of Dusty Young Stellar Objects
• Disruption of the Orion Molecular Core 1 by the stellar wind of the massive star ${\theta }^1$ Ori C
• An Introduction to the Chandra Carina Complex Project
• Solar system genealogy revealed by extinct short-lived radionuclides in meteorites
• Efficiently Cooled Stellar Wind Bubbles in Turbulent Clouds I. Fractal Theory and Application to Star-Forming Clouds
• The Massive Star-forming Regions Omnibus X-ray Catalog
• Orion's Bar: Physical Conditions across the Definitive H+ / H0 / H2 Interface
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Models of the evolving Circumstellar Medium around Massive Stars
• PDRs4All III: JWST's NIR spectroscopic view of the Orion Bar
• Near-IR integral field spectroscopy of ionizing stars and young stellar objects on the borders of HII regions
• PDRs4All: A JWST Early Release Science Program on radiative feedback from massive stars
• Expanding bubbles in Orion A: [CII] observations of M42, M43, and NGC 1977
• The Integrated Diffuse X-ray Emission of the Carina Nebula Compared to Other Massive Star-forming Regions
• The three dimensional dynamic structure of the inner Orion Nebula
• Waves on the surface of the Orion molecular cloud
• Nested shells reveal the rejuvenation of the Orion-Eridanus superbubble
• Using population synthesis of massive stars to study the interstellar medium near OB associations
• Tearing the Veil: interaction of the Orion Nebula with its neutral environment
• FEEDBACK: a SOFIA Legacy Program to Study Stellar Feedback in Regions of Massive Star Formation
• A Chandra Observation of the Obscured Star-Forming Complex W40
• The Geometry and Dynamical Role of Stellar Wind Bubbles in Photoionised HII Regions
• The Orion HII Region and the Orion Bar in the Mid-Infrared
• Formation and X-ray emission from Hot Bubbles in Planetary Nebulae. I. Hot Bubble formation
• The Hubble Space Telescope Treasury Program on the Orion Nebula Cluster
• PDRs4All II: JWST's NIR and MIR imaging view of the Orion Nebula
• Dust dynamics and evolution in HII regions - II. Effects of dynamical coupling between dust and gas
• Spectrophotometry of the Huygens Region of the Orion Nebula, the Extended Orion Nebula, and M~43; Scattered Light Systematically Distorts Conditions Derived from Emission-Lines
• XMM-Newton (X-Ray Mulit-Mirror Mission) Observatory
• A Smoking Gun in the Carina Nebula
• Gaia Stellar Kinematics in the Head of the Orion A Cloud: Runaway Stellar Groups and Gravitational Infall
• IRAM-30m large scale survey of ${}^{12}$CO(2-1) and ${}^{13}$CO(2-1) emission in the Orion molecular cloud
• 3D Dust Mapping Reveals that Orion Forms Part of a Large Ring of Dust
• On the X-ray temperature of hot gas in diffuse nebulae
• Physical Conditions in Barnard's Loop, Components of the Orion-Eridanus Bubble, and Implications for the WIM Component of the ISM
• Feedback from Winds and Supernovae in Massive Stellar Clusters - II. X-Ray Emission
• Molecular globules in the Veil bubble of Orion. IRAM 30m 12CO, 13CO, and C18O 2-1 expanded maps of Orion A
• Turbulence in the Ionized Gas of the Orion Nebula
• The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in Orion: a source of turbulence and chemical mixing
• The First Decade of Science with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• Correlation between the gas-phase metallicity and ionization parameter in extragalactic HII regions
• FEEDBACK from the NGC7538 HII region
• X-ray Observations of Bow Shocks around Runaway O Stars. The case of $\zeta$ Oph and BD+43${}^{\circ }$3654
• Hydrodynamic simulations of mechanical stellar feedback in a molecular cloud formed by thermal instability
• The Nature and Frequency of Outflows from Stars in the Central Orion Nebula Cluster
• The structure of the Orion Nebula in the direction of Theta 1 Ori C
• Star formation history of CMa R1: I. Wide-field X-ray study of the young stellar population
• Orion's Veil: Magnetic field strengths and other properties of a PDR in front of the Trapezium Cluster
• Deciphering the 3-D Orion Nebula-I: Expanding Shells in the Huygens Region
• Discovery of X-ray emission from young suns in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Lack of thermal energy in superbubbles: hint of cosmic rays?
• [CII] $158\mu \mathrm{m}$ line emission from Orion A. I. A template for extragalactic studies?
• On the diffuse X-ray emission from the Wolf-Rayet Bubble NGC 2359
• Can X-rays provide a solution to the abundance discrepancy problem in photoionised nebulae?
• Bottling the Champagne: Dynamics and Radiation Trapping of Wind-Driven Bubbles around Massive Stars
• Layers in the Central Orion Nebula
• Hard X-ray emission in the star-forming region ON2: discovery with XMM-Newton
• Observation and calibration strategies for large-scale multi-beam velocity-resolved mapping of the [CII] emission in the Orion molecular cloud
• Breaking Orion's Veil bubble with fossil outflows
• A wind-blown bubble in the Central Molecular Zone cloud G0.253+0.016
• The Energy and Dynamics of Trapped Radiative Feedback with Stellar Winds
• Chandra X-ray observation of the HII region Gum 31 in the Carina Nebula complex
• Nano-grain depletion in photon-dominated regions
• The Bubble Nebula NGC 7635 -- testing the wind-blown bubble theory
• Dents in the Veil: Protostellar feedback in Orion
• Scattered Nebular Light in the Extended Orion Nebula
• Bringing Stellar Evolution & Feedback Together: Summary of proposals from the Lorentz Center Workshop, 2022
• HST STIS observations of the mixing layer in the Cat's Eye Nebula
• SIRIUS Project. V. Formation of off-center ionized bubbles associated with Orion Nebula Cluster
• Chandra Observations of the Massive Star-Forming Region Onsala 2
• Multiline observations of hydrogen, helium, and carbon radio-recombination lines toward Orion A: A detailed dynamical study and direct determination of physical conditions
• Turbulence in compact to giant H II regions
• The origin of dust polarization in the Orion Bar
• XUE. JWST spectroscopy of externally irradiated disks around young intermediate-mass stars
• A gallery of bubbles - The nature of the bubbles observed by Spitzer and what ATLASGAL tells us about the surrounding neutral material
• Hydrostatic photoionization models of the Orion Bar
• Chandra observation of Cepheus A: The diffuse emission of HH 168 resolved
• Deciphering the 3-D Orion Nebula-III: Structure on the NE boundary of the Orion-S Embedded Molecular Cloud
• On Ultra-long Period (53.8 min) Pulsar ASKAP J1935+2148: Coherent Radio Emission Triggered by Local Superstrong Magnetic Reconnection
• Momentum and energy injection by a wind-blown bubble into an inhomogeneous interstellar medium
• Large Scale Wind Driven Structures in the Orion Nebula
• The wind properties of O-type stars at sub-SMC metallicity
• X-ray observations of the nova shell IPHASX J210204.7+471015
• Suzaku Observation of Diffuse X-Ray Emission from a Southwest Region of the Carina Nebula
• Non-thermal processes in coronae and beyond
• VLBA Observations of Strong Anisotripic Radio Scattering towards the Orion Nebula
• On the Observability of Optically Thin Coronal Hyperfine Structure Lines
• Influence of protostellar jets and HII regions on the formation and evolution of stellar clusters
• Astro2020: Hot Drivers of Stellar Feedback from 10 to 10,000 pc
• The Neutral Atomic Hydrogen in the solar neighborhood (NeAtHood) project I. Ghost in the shell: Neutral atomic hydrogen in the extended Orion nebula
• Interaction of massive stars with their surroundings
• Magnetic fields, stellar feedback, and the geometry of H II Regions