A Routine for Measuring Synergy in University-Industry-Government Relations: Mutual Information as a Triple-Helix and Quadruple-Helix Indicator

Loet Leydesdorff, Han Woo Park, Balazs Lengyel

Mutual information in three (or more) dimensions can be considered as a Triple-Helix indicator of synergy in university-industry-government relations. An open-source routine th4.ex…