Parameterized Evolution of the Kretschmann Scalar in Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Cosmology with Torsion Contributions and Big Rip Model

Tahia F. Dabash, M. A. Bakry

We investigate the Kretschmann scalar within the framework of Parameterized Absolute Parallelism (PAP) geometry, extending the classical understanding of spacetime curvature in Gen…