Model selection meets clinical semantics: Optimizing ICD-10-CM prediction via LLM-as-Judge evaluation, redundancy-aware sampling, and section-aware fine-tuning

Hong-Jie Dai, Zheng-Hao Li, An-Tai Lu +7

Accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is critical for clinical documentation, billing, and healthcare analytics, yet it remains a labour-intensive and erro…