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LSST and Keck characterization of outer Main Belt comet P/2026 N2
Bryce Bolin, Leo Alcorn, Max Brodheim +5
We characterize comet P/2026 N2, whose outer Main Belt orbit has au, , and , using optical observations, archival imaging, and dynamical integrations…
Multiband Color Monitoring of 3I/ATLAS through Ground-Based Relay Observations
Ariel Graykowski, Bryce Bolin, Laura-May Abron +140
We present multiband, long-baseline photometric observations of interstellar comet 3I throughout its 2025--2026 apparition using coordinated ground-based global relay observations.…
Gemini and Apache Point Multi-band Optical Imaging Characterization of Fragmenting Long-period Comet C/2025 K1 (ATLAS)
Carl Ingebretsen, Bryce T. Bolin, Meredith A. MacGregor +8
We present results from multi-band g, r, and i, observations of C/2025 K1 (ATLAS) taken with the Gemini North 8.1-m/GMOS imager on 2025 December 6 and December 24, and u, g, r, i,…
JWST/MIRI Finds ISM-like Amorphous Silicates in Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS
Matthew Belyakov, Ian Wong, Carey M. Lisse +7
We present the first spectroscopic mineralogical analysis of the dust coma of an interstellar object (ISO) from JWST mid-infrared spectroscopy of 3I/ATLAS (3I). 3I exhibits a stron…
The Volatile Inventory of 3I/ATLAS as seen with JWST/MIRI
Matthew Belyakov, Ian Wong, Bryce T. Bolin +4
We present the first spectroscopic characterization of an interstellar object at mid-infrared wavelengths. Post-perihelion observations of 3I/ATLAS using the JWST/MIRI medium-resol…
Gaia and IRTF abundance of A-type main belt asteroids
Marco Delbo, Chrysa Avdellidou, Marjorie Galinier +4
The Missing Mantle Problem refers to the apparent scarcity of olivine rich (A-type) asteroids in the main belt, despite expectations that such bodies should be common if differenti…
Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS: discovery and physical description
Bryce T. Bolin, Matthew Belyakov, Christoffer Fremling +18
We describe the physical characteristics of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, discovered on 2025 July 1 by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System. The comet has eccentricity,…
Palomar and Apache Point Spectrophotometry of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS
Matthew Belyakov, Christoffer Fremling, Matthew J. Graham +7
On July 1st 2025 the third interstellar object, 3I/ATLAS or C/2025 N1 (ATLAS), was discovered, with an eccentricity of and perihelion of au. We…
Multi-epoch spectro-photometric characterization of the minimoon 2024 PT in the visible and near-infrared
Jin Beniyama, Bryce T. Bolin, Alexey V. Sergeyev +5
2024 PT is a tiny ( m) near-Earth asteroid (NEA) discovered in August 2024. 2024 PT was gravitationally bound to the Earth-Moon system from September to November 2…
NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1)
Colin Orion Chandler, Pedro H. Bernardinelli, Mario Jurić +305
We report on the observation and measurement of astrometry, photometry, morphology, and activityof the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS, also designated C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) with the NSF-…
A Large Outburst, Coma Asymmetries, and the Color of Comet 243P/NEAT
Michael S. P. Kelley, Silvia Protopapa, Dennis Bodewits +16
Water ice is a fundamental building material of comets and other bodies in the outer solar system. Yet, the properties of cometary water ice are challenging to study, due to its vo…
Apache Point rapid response characterization of primitive imminent impactor 2024 RW
Carl Ingebretsen, Bryce T. Bolin, Robert Jedicke +6
Imminent impactors may be detected only a few hours before their impact with Earth, providing a brief opportunity to characterize them before impact. We describe the characterizati…
Water ice in the debris disk around HD 181327
Chen Xie, Christine H. Chen, Carey M. Lisse +13
Debris disks are exoplanetary systems that contain planets, minor bodies (i.e., asteroids, Kuiper belt objects, comets, etc.), and micron-sized debris dust. Since water ice is the…
Estimates of Rotation Periods for Jupiter Trojans with the Zwicky Transient Facility Photometric Lightcurves
Zhuofu Li, Yasin A. Chowdhury, Željko Ivezić +12
We present new rotational period estimates for 216 Jupiter Trojans using photometric data from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), including 80 Trojans with previously unknown per…
The discovery and characterization of Earth-crossing asteroid 2024 YR
Bryce T. Bolin, Josef Hanuš, Larry Denneau +9
We describe observations and physical characteristics of Earth-crossing asteroid 2024 YR, discovered on 2024 December 27 by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System. T…
Keck and Gemini characterization of rendezvous target 1998 KY
Bryce T. Bolin, Christoffer Fremling, Matthew Belyakov +7
Near-earth object (NEO) 1998 KY is a target of the spacecraft, which it will rendezvous with in July 2031. The asteroid is a rapid rotator and has a large out-…
The discovery and characterization of minimoon 2024 PT
Bryce T. Bolin, Larry Denneau, Laura-May Abron +4
Minimoons are asteroids that become temporarily captured by the Earth-Moon system. We present the discovery of 2024 PT, a minimoon discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact…
Tuning the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Observing Strategy for Solar System Science: Incremental Templates in Year 1
James E. Robinson, Megan E. Schwamb, R. Lynne Jones +13
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is due to commence the 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) at the end of 2025. To detect transient/variable sources and identify solar syst…
The Palomar twilight survey of 'Ayló'chaxnim, Atiras, and comets
B. T. Bolin, F. J. Masci, M. W. Coughlin +29
Near-sun sky twilight observations allow for the detection of asteroid interior to the orbit of Venus (Aylos), the Earth (Atiras), and comets. We present the results of observation…
Identification and Localization of Cometary Activity in Solar System Objects with Machine Learning
Bryce T. Bolin, Michael W. Coughlin
In this chapter, we will discuss the use of Machine Learning methods for the identification and localization of cometary activity for Solar System objects in ground and in space-ba…
A Contact Binary Satellite of the Asteroid (152830) Dinkinesh
Harold F. Levison, Simone Marchi, Keith S. Noll +3
Asteroids with diameters less than about 5 km have complex histories because they are small enough for radiative torques, YORP, to be a notable factor in their evolution. (152830)…
NEOMOD: A New Orbital Distribution Model for Near Earth Objects
David Nesvorny, Rogerio Deienno, William F. Bottke +10
Near Earth Objects (NEOs) are a transient population of small bodies with orbits near or in the terrestrial planet region. They represent a mid-stage in the dynamical cycle of aste…
Keck and Gemini spectral characterization of Lucy mission fly-by target (152830) Dinkinesh
B. T. Bolin, K. S. Noll, I. Caiazzo +2
Recently, the inner main belt asteroid (152830) Dinkinesh was identified as an additional fly-by target for the Lucy mission. The heliocentric orbit and approximate absolute magnit…
Tuning the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Observing Strategy for Solar System Science
Megan E. Schwamb, R. Lynne Jones, Peter Yoachim +27
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is expected to start the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) in early to mid-2025. This multi-band wide-field synoptic survey will transform our vi…