Formation of Isothermal Disks around Protoplanets. I. Introductory Three-Dimensional Global Simulations for Sub-Neptune-Mass Protoplanets

Hsiang-Hsu Wang, Defu Bu, Hsien Shang +1

The regular satellites found around Neptune ($\approx 17~M_{\Earth}$) and Uranus ($\approx 14.5~M_{\Earth}$) suggest that past gaseous circumplanetary disks may have co-existed wit…