Accurate Column Moist Static Energy Budget in Climate Models. Part 1: Conservation Equation Formulation, Methodology, and Primary Results Demonstrated Using GISS ModelE3

Kuniaki Inoue, Maxwell Kelley, Ann M. Fridlind +2

Column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) budgets underpin theories of tropical convection and circulation, yet in reanalyses and climate models the budget rarely closes; residua…