62 citations · 473 across the 38 of their papers we have counts for
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Gauge symmetries and the Higgs mechanism in Quantum Finance
Ivan Arraut
By using the Hamiltonian formulation, we demonstrate that the Merton-Garman equation emerges naturally from the Black-Scholes equation after imposing invariance (symmetry) under lo…
The probability flow in the Stock market and Spontaneous symmetry breaking in Quantum Finance
Ivan Arraut, Joao Alexandre Lobo Marques, Sergio Gomes
The Spontaneous Symmetry breaking in Quantum Finance considers the martingale condition in the stock market as a vacuum state if we express the financial equations in the Hamiltoni…
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in Quantum Finance
Ivan Arraut, Alan Au, Alan Ching-biu Tse
We analyze the phenomena of spontaneous symmetry breaking in Quantum Finance by using as a starting point the Black-Scholes (BS) and the Merton-Garman (MG) equations expressed in t…
On the multiplicity of the martingale condition: Spontaneous symmetry breaking in Quantum Finance
Ivan Arraut, Alan Au, Alan Ching-biu Tse
We demonstrate that the martingale condition in the stock market can be interpreted as a vacuum condition when we express the financial equations in the Hamiltonian form. We then s…
On the probability flow in the Stock market I: The Black-Scholes case
Ivan Arraut, Alan Au, Alan Ching-biu Tse +1
It is known that the probability is not a conserved quantity in the stock market, given the fact that it corresponds to an open system. In this paper we analyze the flow of probabi…