609 citations · 2.5k across the 23 of their papers we have counts for
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hep-th2005
Quantum ether: photons and electrons from a rotor model
Michael Levin, Xiao-Gang Wen
We give an example of a purely bosonic model -- a rotor model on the 3D cubic lattice -- whose low energy excitations behave like massless U(1) gauge bosons and massless Dirac ferm…
hep-th2003
Quantum order from string-net condensations and origin of light and massless fermions
Xiao-Gang Wen
Recently, it was pointed out that quantum orders and the associated projective symmetry groups can produce and protect massless gauge bosons and massless fermions in local bosonic…