When Future Communications Shift Toward Narrow Beams: A Forward Looking Survey on Pointing Errors and Alignment Limits

Meysam Ghanbari, Mohammad Taghi Dabiri, Osamah S. Badarneh +4

Directional links in free-space optical (FSO), millimeter-wave (mmWave), and terahertz (THz) systems are a cornerstone of emerging 6G networks, yet their reliability is fundamental…