Molecular hydrogen controls the temperatures of flares on TRAPPIST-1

Alexander I. Shapiro Nadiia Kostogryz Sara Seager Veronika Witzke Julien de Wit Valeriy Vasilyev Astrid M. Veronig Robert Cameron Hardi Peter Sami K. Solanki

Early JWST observations of TRAPPIST-1 have revealed an unexpected puzzle: energetic white-light flares ($\mathrm{E}>10^{30}$ erg) reach temperatures of only $\sim$3500--4000\,K, ne…