Photon as a Vector Goldstone Boson: Nonlinear $\sigma$ Model for QED

J. L. Chkareuli, C. D. Froggatt, R. N. Mohapatra +1

We show that QED in the Coulomb gauge can be considered as a low energy linear approximation of a non-linear $\sigma$-type model where the photon emerges as a vector Goldstone boson rel…