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stat.ME2026★ 3 cited
Lord's 'paradox' explained: the 50-year warning on the use of 'change scores' in observational data
Peter W. G. Tennant, Georgia D. Tomova, Eleanor J. Murray +3
In 1967, Frederick Lord posed a conundrum that has confused scientists for over half a century. Subsequently named Lord's 'paradox', the puzzle centres on the observation that two…
stat.ME2025
How can the use of different modes of survey data collection introduce bias? A simple introduction to mode effects using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs)
Georgia D Tomova, Richard J Silverwood, Peter WG Tennant +1
Survey data are self-reported data collected directly from respondents by a questionnaire or an interview and are commonly used in epidemiology. Such data are traditionally collect…