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math-ph2026
Minimum Virtual Proper Time and Finite Mass--Charge Matching in QED
Mustafa Bakr
We formulate a finite-proper-time version of QED defined by a gauge-covariant generating functional in which every complete internal virtual history carries a physical lower endpoi…
math-ph2025
Group-Theoretical Origin of the Sectoral-Tesseral-Zonal Trichotomy in Spherical Harmonics
Mustafa Bakr, Smain Amari
The spherical harmonics fall into three families -- sectoral (), tesseral (), and zonal () -- which exhibit fundamentally different be…
math-ph2025★ 1 cited
Electromagnetic Modes in Spherical Cavities: Complete Theory of Angular Spectra, Dispersion Relations, and Self-Adjoint Extensions
Mustafa Bakr, Tongyu Zhang, Smain Amari
We present a complete theory of electromagnetic modes in spherical cavities, resolving fundamental questions about the nature of angular quantization. The standard result that angu…