A Thermodynamic Theory of Ecology: Helmholtz Theorem for Lotka-Volterra Equation, Extended Conservation Law, and Stochastic Predator-Prey Dynamics

Yi-An Ma, Hong Qian

We carry out mathematical analyses, {\em à la} Helmholtz's and Boltzmann's 1884 studies of monocyclic Newtonian dynamics, for the Lotka-Volterra (LV) equation exhibiting predator-p…