Phase transition between two-component and three-component ground states of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

Liren Lin, I-Liang Chern

For an antiferromagnetic spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate under an applied uniform magnetic field, its ground state $({\psi }_1,{\psi }_0,{\psi }_{-1})$ undergoes a phase transition from a two-compon…