Multi-instrument constraints on a hemispherically asymmetric positive ionospheric storm in the 60-180 deg E sector during the 12-13 November 2025 geomagnetic storm

Pan Xiong, Jianghe Chen, Xuhui Shen +3

Geomagnetic storms drive complex ionospheric responses through coupled electrodynamic and thermospheric processes, yet attributing storm-time TEC perturbations to specific mechanis…