Curved HF Monopole Antennas for Improved Low-Angle Skywave Gain Over Lossy Ground

Masoud Salmani Arani, Reza Shahidi, Lihong Zhang

High-frequency (HF) skywave radars require high gain at elevation angles of 3 degrees to 30 degrees, where vertically-polarized monopoles over lossy land suffer from pseudo-Brewste…