most citedGEPA: Reflective Prompt Evolution Can Outperform Reinforcement Learning

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cs.CL2026

One Frozen Simulator Is Not Enough: Simulator Collapse in Multi-Agent RL

Simon Yu, Nicholas Tomlin, Marwa Abdulhai +7

Multi-agent reinforcement learning for human-AI interaction typically relies on a single large language model to simulate user behavior. We show that this approach systematically f…

cs.CL2026

Composing Policy Gradients and Prompt Optimization for Language Model Programs

Noah Ziems, Dilara Soylu, Lakshya A Agrawal +10

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has proven to be an effective tool for post-training language models (LMs). However, AI systems are increasingly expressed as modular prog…

cs.CL20261 cited

GEPA: Reflective Prompt Evolution Can Outperform Reinforcement Learning

Lakshya A Agrawal, Shangyin Tan, Dilara Soylu +14

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adapted to downstream tasks via reinforcement learning (RL) methods like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), which often requir…

cs.CL2024

Fine-Tuning and Prompt Optimization: Two Great Steps that Work Better Together

Dilara Soylu, Christopher Potts, Omar Khattab

Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are increasingly taking the form of sophisticated modular pipelines, e.g., Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), where each module may inv…

cs.CL2024

When Benchmarks are Targets: Revealing the Sensitivity of Large Language Model Leaderboards

Norah Alzahrani, Hisham Abdullah Alyahya, Yazeed Alnumay +9

Large Language Model (LLM) leaderboards based on benchmark rankings are regularly used to guide practitioners in model selection. Often, the published leaderboard rankings are take…

cs.CL2024

Building Efficient and Effective OpenQA Systems for Low-Resource Languages

Emrah Budur, Rıza Özçelik, Dilara Soylu +3

Question answering (QA) is the task of answering questions posed in natural language with free-form natural language answers extracted from a given passage. In the OpenQA variant,…