Hadronic contribution to the QED running coupling $\alpha (M_Z^2)$

S. Bodenstein, C. A. Dominguez, K. Schilcher +1

We introduce a model independent method for the determination of the hadronic contribution to the QED running coupling, $\Delta {\alpha }_{\text{HAD}}(M_Z^2)$, requiring no $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ annihila…